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arXiv:1111.4059 · Physical Review A

Renormalization approach to non-Markovian open-quantum-system dynamics

Giulia Gualdi, Christiane P. Koch

Published Aug 26, 2013• 17 citations
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Abstract

We show that time induces a dynamical renormalization of the system-environment coupling in open-quantum-system dynamics. The renormalizability condition, of the interactions being either local, or, alternatively, defined on a finite continuum support, is generally fulfilled for both discrete and continuous environments. As a consequence, we find a generalized Lieb-Robinson bound to hold for local and, surprisingly, also for nonlocal interactions. This unified picture allows us to devise a controllable approximation for arbitrary non-Markovian dynamics with an a priori estimate of the worst-case computational cost.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.88.022122

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We show that time induces a dynamical renormalization of the system-environment coupling in open-quantum-system dynamics. The renormalizability condition, of the interactions being either local, or, alternatively, defined on a finite continuum support, is generally fulfilled for both discrete and continuous environments. As a consequence, we find a generalized Lieb-Robinson bound to hold for local and, surprisingly, also for nonlocal interactions. This unified picture allows us to devise a controllable approximation for arbitrary non-Markovian dynamics with an a priori estimate of the worst-case computational cost.
The Lieb-Robinson bound shows the existence of a maximum speed of signal propagation in discrete quantum mechanical systems with local interactions. This generalizes the concept of relativistic causality beyond field theory, and provides a powerful tool in theoretical condensed matter physics and quantum information science. Here, we extend the scope of this seminal result by considering general markovian quantum evolution, where we prove that an equivalent bound holds. In addition, we use the generalized bound to demonstrate that correlations in the stationary state of a Markov process decay on a length scale set by the Lieb-Robinson velocity and the system's relaxation time.
In this work we develop a numerical framework to investigate the renormalization of the non-Markovian dynamics of an open quantum system to which dynamical decoupling is applied. We utilize a non-Markovian master equation of the spin-boson model. The effects of the decoupling pulses are then incorporated. A wide class of decoupling pulses can be described equally within this approach. We have performed a comprehensive investigation on the renormalized dynamics within various noise models, including the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noise and the spin-boson model. The renormalized dynamics under bang-bang control and continuous dynamical decoupling are simulated. The condition for efficient decoupling is assessed for each scenario. Our results indicate that the renormalization of the non-Markovian dynamics critically depends on the spectral density of the environment and the envelope of the decoupling pulses. Consequently, it is difficult to have a simple universal condition that ensures the efficiency. The framework developed in this work provides a unified approach to investigate the efficiency of realistic decoupling pulses. It also opens an avenue to further optimize the decoupling via pulse shaping.
We investigate the conditions under which the trace distance between two different states of a given open system increases in time due to the interaction with an environment, therefore signaling non-Markovianity. We find that the finite-time difference in trace distance is bounded by two sharply defined quantities that are strictly linked to the occurrence of system-environment correlations created throughout their interaction and affecting the subsequent evolution of the system. This allows us to shed light on the origin of non-Markovian behaviors in quantum dynamics. We best illustrate our findings by tackling two physically relevant examples: a non-Markovian dephasing mechanism that has been the focus of a recent experimental endeavor and the open-system dynamics experienced by a spin connected to a finite-size quantum spin chain.
We consider open many-body systems governed by a time-dependent quantum master equation with short-range interactions. With a generalized Lieb-Robinson bound, we show that the evolution in this very generic framework is quasilocal; i.e., the evolution of observables can be approximated by implementing the dynamics only in a vicinity of the observables' support. The precision increases exponentially with the diameter of the considered subsystem. Hence, time evolution can be simulated on classical computers with a cost that is independent of the system size. Providing error bounds for Trotter decompositions, we conclude that the simulation on a quantum computer is additionally efficient in time. For experiments and simulations in the Schrödinger picture, our result can be used to rigorously bound finite-size effects.
Non-Markovian effects are important in modeling the behavior of open quantum systems arising in solid-state physics, quantum optics as well as in study of biological and chemical systems. The non-Markovian environment is often approximated by discrete bosonic modes, thus mapping it to a Lindbladian or Hamiltonian simulation problem. While systematic constructions of such modes have been previously proposed, the resulting approximation lacks rigorous and general convergence guarantees. In this Letter, we show that under some physically motivated assumptions on the system-environment interaction, the finite-time dynamics of the non-Markovian open quantum system computed with a sufficiently large number of modes is guaranteed to converge to the true result. Furthermore, we show that this approximation error typically falls off polynomially with the number of modes. Our results lend rigor to classical and quantum algorithms for approximating non-Markovian dynamics.
We identify the conditions that guarantee equivalence of the reduced dynamics of an open quantum system (OQS) for two different types of environments-one a continuous bosonic environment leading to a unitary system-environment evolution and the other a discrete-mode bosonic environment resulting in a system-mode (nonunitary) Lindbladian evolution. Assuming initial Gaussian states for the environments, we prove that the two OQS dynamics are equivalent if both the expectation values and two-time correlation functions of the environmental interaction operators are the same at all times for the two configurations. Since the numerical and analytical description of a discrete-mode environment undergoing a Lindbladian evolution is significantly more efficient than that of a continuous bosonic environment in a unitary evolution, our result represents a powerful, nonperturbative tool to describe complex and possibly highly non-Markovian dynamics. As a special application, we recover and generalize the well-known pseudomodes approach to open-system dynamics.