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arXiv:1111.0739 · Physical Review X

Arbitrarily Loss-Tolerant Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering Allowing a Demonstration over 1 km of Optical Fiber with No Detection Loophole

Adam Bennet, D. A. Evans, D. J. Saunders, Cyril Branciard, Eric G. Cavalcanti, Howard M. Wiseman, Geoff J. Pryde

Published Jul 18, 2012• 186 citations
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Abstract

Demonstrating nonclassical effects over longer and longer distances is essential for both quantum technology and fundamental science.The main challenge is the loss of photons during propagation, because considering only those cases where photons are detected opens a ''detection loophole'' in security whenever parties or devices are untrusted.Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering is equivalent to an entanglement-verification task in which one party (device) is untrusted.We derive arbitrarily loss-tolerant tests, enabling us to perform a detection-loophole-free demonstration of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering with parties separated by a coiled 1-km-long optical fiber, with a total loss of 8.9 dB (87%).

DOI
10.1103/physrevx.2.031003

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Demonstrating nonclassical effects over longer and longer distances is essential for both quantum technology and fundamental science.The main challenge is the loss of photons during propagation, because considering only those cases where photons are detected opens a ''detection loophole'' in security whenever parties or devices are untrusted.Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering is equivalent to an entanglement-verification task in which one party (device) is untrusted.We derive arbitrarily loss-tolerant tests, enabling us to perform a detection-loophole-free demonstration of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering with parties separated by a coiled 1-km-long optical fiber, with a total loss of 8.9 dB (87%).
Whether for quantum cryptography or for testing fundamental properties of the universe, it will be essential to demonstrate nonclassical effects over longer and longer distances. The barrier to doing so is loss of photons during propagation, because considering only those cases where a photon is detected opens a “detection loophole” in the security of any quantum information task in which parties or devices are untrusted. EPR-steering is a nonclassical effect which allows one party to verify that he shares entanglement with another party, even though he doesn't trust her. Using new, arbitrarily loss-tolerant tests, we perform the first detection-loophole-free demonstration of EPR-steering with entangled photon pairs. The parties are separated by a coiled 1 km optical fibre, giving total losses of 8.9 dB (87%).
Entanglement is the key resource for many long-range quantum information tasks, including secure communication and fundamental tests of quantum physics. These tasks require robust verification of shared entanglement, but performing it over long distances is presently technologically intractable because the loss through an optical fiber or free-space channel opens up a detection loophole. We design and experimentally demonstrate a scheme that verifies entanglement in the presence of at least 14.8 ± 0.1 dB of added loss, equivalent to approximately 80 km of telecommunication fiber. Our protocol relies on entanglement swapping to herald the presence of a photon after the lossy channel, enabling event-ready implementation of quantum steering. This result overcomes the key barrier in device-independent communication under realistic high-loss scenarios and in the realization of a quantum repeater.
Tests of the predictions of quantum mechanics for entangled systems have provided increasing evidence against local realistic theories. However, there remains the crucial challenge of simultaneously closing all major loopholes—the locality, freedom-of-choice and detection loopholes—in a single experiment. An important sub-class of local realistic theories can be tested with the concept of 'steering'. The term 'steering' was introduced by Schrödinger in 1935 for the fact that entanglement would seem to allow an experimenter to remotely steer the state of a distant system as in the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) argument. Einstein called this 'spooky action at a distance'. EPR-steering has recently been rigorously formulated as a quantum information task opening it up to new experimental tests. Here, we present the first loophole-free demonstration of EPR-steering by violating three-setting quadratic steering inequality, tested with polarization-entangled photons shared between two distant laboratories. Our experiment demonstrates this effect while simultaneously closing all loopholes: both the locality loophole and a specific form of the freedom-of-choice loophole are closed by having a large separation of the parties and using fast quantum random number generators, and the fair-sampling loophole is closed by having high overall detection efficiency. Thereby, we exclude—for the first time loophole-free—an important class of local realistic theories considered by EPR. Besides its foundational importance, loophole-free steering also allows the distribution of quantum entanglement secure event in the presence of an untrusted party.
We demonstrate the violation of an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering inequality developed for single-photon path entanglement with displacement-based detection. We use a high-rate source of heralded single-photon path-entangled states, combined with high-efficiency superconducting-based detectors, in a scheme that is free of any postselection and thus immune to the detection loophole. This result conclusively demonstrates single-photon entanglement in a one-sided device-independent scenario, and opens the way towards implementations of device-independent quantum technologies within the paradigm of path entanglement.
A primary requirement for a robust and unconditionally secure quantum network is the establishment of quantum nonlocal correlations over a realistic channel.While loophole-free tests of Bell nonlocality allow for entanglement certification in such a device-independent setting, they are extremely sensitive to loss and noise, which naturally arise in any practical communication scenario.Quantum steering relaxes the strict technological constraints of Bell nonlocality by reframing it in an asymmetric manner, with a trusted party only on one side.However, tests of quantum steering still require either extremely high-quality entanglement or very low loss.Here we introduce a test of quantum steering that harnesses the advantages of high-dimensional entanglement to be simultaneously noise robust and loss tolerant.Despite being constructed for qudits, our steering test is designed for single-detector measurements and is able to close the fair-sampling loophole in a time-efficient manner.We showcase the improvements over qubit-based systems by experimentally demonstrating quantum steering in up to 53 dimensions, free of the fairsampling loophole, through simultaneous loss and noise conditions corresponding to 14.2-dB loss equivalent to 79 km of telecommunication fiber, and 36% of white noise.We go on to show how the use of high dimensions counterintuitively leads to a dramatic reduction in total measurement time, enabling a quantum steering violation almost 2 orders of magnitude faster obtained by simply doubling the Hilbert space dimension.Our work conclusively demonstrates the significant resource advantages that highdimensional entanglement provides for quantum steering in terms of loss, noise, and measurement time, and opens the door toward practical quantum networks with the ultimate form of security.