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arXiv:1110.3582 · Physical Review A

Quantum fields on closed timelike curves

Jacques Pienaar, Casey R. Myers, Timothy C. Ralph

Published Dec 21, 2011• 9 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Recently, there has been much interest in the evolution of quantum particles on closed timelike curves (CTCs). However, such models typically assume pointlike particles with only two degrees of freedom; a very questionable assumption given the relativistic setting of the problem. We show that it is possible to generalize the Deutsch model of CTCs to fields using the equivalent circuit formalism. We give examples for coherent, squeezed, and single-photon states interacting with the CTC via a beamsplitter. The model is then generalized further to account for the smooth transition to normal quantum mechanics as the CTC becomes much smaller than the size of the modes interacting on it. In this limit, we find that the system behaves like a standard quantum-mechanical feedback loop.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.84.062316

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Recently, there has been much interest in the evolution of quantum particles on closed timelike curves (CTCs). However, such models typically assume pointlike particles with only two degrees of freedom; a very questionable assumption given the relativistic setting of the problem. We show that it is possible to generalize the Deutsch model of CTCs to fields using the equivalent circuit formalism. We give examples for coherent, squeezed, and single-photon states interacting with the CTC via a beamsplitter. The model is then generalized further to account for the smooth transition to normal quantum mechanics as the CTC becomes much smaller than the size of the modes interacting on it. In this limit, we find that the system behaves like a standard quantum-mechanical feedback loop.
Abstract This study examines closed timelike curves (CTCs) in quantum mechanics, focusing on the Deutsch model, one of the most widely studied frameworks for describing quantum systems in the presence of time loops. In this model, a quantum state ∣ψ⟩|\psi\rangle∣ψ⟩ interacts unitarily with its past version, effectively forming a two-qubit system where the chronologically consistent qubit interacts with a qubit ρCTC\rho_{\text{CTC}}ρCTC trapped in a closed timelike curve. The state ρCTC\rho_{\text{CTC}}ρCTC is determined by the Deutsch consistency condition, ensuring self-consistent evolution along the CTC. This approach allows for rigorous modeling of quantum systems under non-classical temporal structures, providing insights into temporal correlations, causality violations, and the potential computational advantages offered by CTC-assisted quantum operations. While alternative CTC models based on postselection have been proposed, the Deutsch model remains a foundational reference for studying quantum evolution in non-linear temporal frameworks. Its analysis informs research in quantum information, retrocausality, and the theoretical limits of computation in exotic spacetime geometries.
Closed timelike curves (CTCs) are non-intuitive theoretical solutions of general relativity field equations. The main paradox associated with the physical existence of CTCs, the so-called grandfather paradox, can be satisfactorily solved by a quantum model named Deutsch-CTC. An outstanding theoretical result that has been demonstrated in the Deutsch-CTC model is the computational equivalence of a classical and a quantum computer in the presence of a CTC. In this article, in order to explore the possible implications for the foundations of quantum mechanics of that equivalence, a fundamental particle is modelled as a classical-like system supplemented with an information space in which a randomizer and a classical Turing machine are stored. The particle could then generate quantum behavior in real time in case it was controlled by a classical algorithm coding the rules of quantum mechanics and, in addition, a logical circuit simulating a CTC was present on its information space. The conditions that, through the action of evolution under natural selection, might produce a population of such particles with both elements on their information spaces from initial sheer random behavior are analyzed.
The fact that closed timelike curves (CTCs) are permitted by general relativity raises the question as to how quantum systems behave when time travel to the past occurs. Research into answering this question by utilizing the quantum circuit formalism has given rise to two theories: Deutschian-CTCs (D-CTCs) and ``postselected'' CTCs (P-CTCs). In this paper the quantum circuit approach is thoroughly reviewed, and the strengths and shortcomings of D-CTCs and P-CTCs are presented in view of their nonlinearity and time-travel paradoxes. In particular, the ``equivalent circuit model''---which aims to make equivalent predictions to D-CTCs, while avoiding some of the difficulties of the original theory---is shown to contain errors. The discussion of D-CTCs and P-CTCs is used to motivate an analysis of the features one might require of a theory of quantum time travel, following which two overlapping classes of alternate theories are identified. One such theory, the theory of ``transition probability'' CTCs (T-CTCs), is fully developed. The theory of T-CTCs is shown not to have certain undesirable features---such as time-travel paradoxes, the ability to distinguish nonorthogonal states with certainty, and the ability to clone or delete arbitrary pure states---that are present with D-CTCs and P-CTCs. The problems with nonlinear extensions to quantum mechanics are discussed in relation to the interpretation of these theories, and the physical motivations of all three theories are discussed and compared.
One out of many emerging implications from solutions of Einstein's general relativity equations are closed timelike curves (CTCs), which are trajectories through space-time that allow for time travel to the past without exceeding the speed of light. Two main quantum models of computation with the use of CTCs were introduced by Deutsch (D-CTC) and by Bennett and Schumacher (P-CTC). Unlike the classical theory in which CTCs lead to logical paradoxes, the quantum D-CTC model provides a solution that is logically consistent due to the self-consistency condition imposed on the evolving system, whereas the quantum P-CTC model chooses such a solution through postselection. Both models are nonequivalent and imply nonstandard phenomena in the field of quantum computation and quantum mechanics. In this paper, we study the implications of these two models on the second law of thermodynamics---the fundamental principle which states that in an isolated system the entropy never decreases. In particular, we construct CTC-based quantum circuits which lead to a decrease in entropy.
Einstein's field equations of gravitation are known to admit closed timelike curve (CTC) solutions. Deutsch approached the problem from the quantum information point of view and proposed a self-consistency condition. In this work, the Deutsch equation is formulated as an eigenvalue problem. The disappearance of entanglement between two qubits in an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) state near a CTC is demonstrated. The method is utilized to analyze the discontinuous evolution of two chronology respecting (CR) qubits near a CTC.
Closed timelike curves (CTCs), non-intuitive theoretical solutions of general relativity field equations can be modelled in quantum mechanics in a way, known as Deutsch-CTCs, to circumvent one of their most paradoxical implications, namely, the so-called grandfather paradox. An outstanding theoretical result of this model is the demonstration that in the presence of a Deutsch-CTC a classical computer would be computationally equivalent to a quantum computer. In the present study, the possible implications of such a striking result for the foundations of quantum mechanics and the connections between classicality and quantumness are explored. To this purpose, a model for fundamental particles that interact in physical space exchanging carriers of momentum and energy is considered. Every particle is then supplemented with an information space in which a probabilistic classical Turing machine is stored. It is analysed whether, through the action of Darwinian evolution, both a classical algorithm coding the rules of quantum mechanics and an anticipation module might plausibly be developed on the information space from initial random behaviour. The simulation of a CTC on the information space of the particle by means of the anticipation module would imply that fundamental particles, which do not possess direct intrinsic quantum features from first principles in this information-theoretic Darwinian approach, could however generate quantum emergent behaviour in real time as a consequence of Darwinian evolution acting on information-theoretic physical systems.