Abstract. Analytical expressions are given for the static structure factor S(k) and the pair correlation function g(r) for uniform ideal Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac gases for all temperatures. In the vicinity of Bose Einstein condensation (BEC) temperature, g(r) becomes long ranged and remains so in the condensed phase. In the dilute gas limit, g(r) of bosons & fermions do not coincide with Maxwell-Boltzmann gas but exhibit bunching & anti-bunching effect respectively. The width of these functions depends on the temperature and is scaled as √ (inverse atomic mass). Our numerical results provide the precise quantitative values of suppression/increase (antibunching and bunching) of the density fluctuations at small distances in ideal quantum gases in qualitative agreement with the experimental observation for almost non-trapped dilute gases.
The fluctuation-dissipation theorem together with the exact density response spectrum for ideal quantum gases has been utilized to yield a new expression for the static structure factor, which we use to derive exact analytical expressions for the temperature-dependent pair distribution function g(r) of the ideal gases. The plots of bosonic and fermionic g(r) display "Bose pile" and "Fermi hole" typically akin to bunching and antibunching as observed experimentally for ultracold atomic gases. The behavior of spin-scaled pair correlation for fermions is almost featureless, but bosons show a rich structure including long-range correlations near T(c). The coherent state at T=0 shows no correlation at all, just like single-mode lasers. The depicted decreasing trend in correlation with decrease in temperature for T<T(c) should be observable in accurate experiments.
We derive an expression for the reduced density matrices of ideal Bose and Fermi gases in the canonical ensemble, which corresponds to the Bloch--De Dominicis (or Wick's) theorem in the grand canonical ensemble for normal-ordered products of operators. Using this expression, we study one- and two-body correlations of homogeneous ideal gases with
N particles. The pair distribution function
g(2)(r) of fermions clearly exhibits antibunching with
g(2)(0)=0 due to the Pauli exclusion principle at all temperatures, whereas that of normal bosons shows bunching with
g(2)(0)≈2, corresponding to the Hanbury Brown--Twiss effect. For bosons below the Bose--Einstein condensation temperature
T0, an off-diagonal long-range order develops in the one-particle density matrix to reach
g(1)(r)=1 at
T=0, and the pair correlation starts to decrease towards
g(2)(r)≈1 at
T=0. The results for
N→∞ are seen to converge to those of the grand canonical ensemble obtained by assuming the average
⟨ψ^(r)⟩ of the field operator
ψ^(r) below
T0. This fact justifies the introduction of the "anomalous" average
⟨ψ^(r)⟩=0 below
T0 in the grand canonical ensemble as a mathematical means of removing unphysical particle-number fluctuations to reproduce the canonical results in the thermodynamic limit.
We investigate density fluctuations in a coherent ensemble of interacting fermionic atoms. Adapting the concept of full counting statistics, well known from quantum optics and mesoscopic electron transport, we study second-order as well as higher-order correlators of density fluctuations. Using the mean-field BCS state to describe the whole interval between the BCS limit and the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) limit, we obtain an exact expression for the cumulant-generating function of the density fluctuations of an atomic cloud. In the two-dimensional case, we obtain a closed analytical expression. Poissonian fluctuations of a molecular condensate on the BEC side are strongly suppressed on the BCS side. The size of the fluctuations in the BCS limit is a direct measure of the pairing potential. We also discuss the BEC-BCS crossover of the third cumulant and the temperature dependence of the second cumulant.
We study the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) for a relativistic ideal gas of bosons. In the framework of canonical thermal field theory, we analyze the role of particles and anti-particles in the determination of BEC transition temperature. At the BEC transition point we obtain two universal curves, i.e. valid for any mass value: the scaled critical temperature as a function of the scaled charge density of the Bose system, and the density ratio of anti-particles versus the scaled critical temperature. Moreover, we numerically investigate charge densities and condensed fraction ranging from the non-relativistic to the ultra-relativistic temperature, where analytical results are obtained.
Abstract Chapter 11 presents a statistical mechanical treatment of the quantum ideal gases, i.e., the ideal Boltzmann, fermion, and boson gases. The discussion begins with the microscopic description and the solution of the eigenvalue problem for a quantum ideal gas. It is argued that calculating the partition function is most readily accomplished in the grand canonical ensemble using a second-quantized formulation. When the particles are distinguishable, the equation of state is identical to that of a classical ideal gas. For fermions and bosons, however, the problem of computing thermodynamic properties is significantly more complex and can only be solved exactly in certain limits. Away from these limits approximations are needed and are discussed in detail. The relevant distributions - the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions are derived. The local density approximation of density functional theory is derived for the ideal electron gas. For the ideal boson gas, the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation is discussed