Employing Hilbert-Schmidt measure, we explicitly compute and analyze a number of determinantal product (bivariate) moments |rho|^k |rho^{PT}|^n, k,n=0,1,2,3,..., PT denoting partial transpose, for both generic (9-dimensional) two-rebit (alpha = 1/2) and generic (15-dimensional) two-qubit (alpha=1) density matrices rho. The results are, then, incorporated by Dunkl into a general formula (Appendix D6), parameterized by k, n and alpha, with the case alpha=2, presumptively corresponding to generic (27-dimensional) quaternionic systems. Holding the Dyson-index-like parameter alpha fixed, the induced univariate moments (|rho| |rho^{PT}|)^n and |rho^{PT}|^n are inputted into a Legendre-polynomial-based (least-squares) probability-distribution reconstruction algorithm of Provost (Mathematica J., 9, 727 (2005)), yielding alpha-specific separability probability estimates. Since, as the number of inputted moments grows, estimates based on |rho| |rho^{PT}| strongly decrease, while ones employing |rho^{PT}| strongly increase (and converge faster), the gaps between upper and lower estimates diminish, yielding sharper and sharper bounds. Remarkably, for alpha = 2, with the use of 2,325 moments, a separability-probability lower-bound 0.999999987 as large as 26/323 = 0.0804954 is found. For alpha=1, based on 2,415 moments, a lower bound results that is 0.999997066 times as large as 8/33 = 0.242424, a (simpler still) fractional value that had previously been conjectured (J. Phys. A, 40, 14279 (2007)). Furthermore, for alpha = 1/2, employing 3,310 moments, the lower bound is 0.999955 times as large as 29/64 = 0.453125, a rational value previously considered (J. Phys. A, 43, 195302 (2010)).
Employing Hilbert-Schmidt measure, we explicitly compute and analyze a number of determinantal product (bivariate) moments |rho|^k |rho^{PT}|^n, k,n=0,1,2,3,..., PT denoting partial transpose, for both generic (9-dimensional) two-rebit (alpha = 1/2) and generic (15-dimensional) two-qubit (alpha=1) density matrices rho. The results are, then, incorporated by Dunkl into a general formula (Appendix D6), parameterized by k, n and alpha, with the case alpha=2, presumptively corresponding to generic (27-dimensional) quaternionic systems. Holding the Dyson-index-like parameter alpha fixed, the induced univariate moments (|rho| |rho^{PT}|)^n and |rho^{PT}|^n are inputted into a Legendre-polynomial-based (least-squares) probability-distribution reconstruction algorithm of Provost (Mathematica J., 9, 727 (2005)), yielding alpha-specific separability probability estimates. Since, as the number of inputted moments grows, estimates based on |rho| |rho^{PT}| strongly decrease, while ones employing |rho^{PT}| strongly increase (and converge faster), the gaps between upper and lower estimates diminish, yielding sharper and sharper bounds. Remarkably, for alpha = 2, with the use of 2,325 moments, a separability-probability lower-bound 0.999999987 as large as 26/323 = 0.0804954 is found. For alpha=1, based on 2,415 moments, a lower bound results that is 0.999997066 times as large as 8/33 = 0.242424, a (simpler still) fractional value that had previously been conjectured (J. Phys. A, 40, 14279 (2007)). Furthermore, for alpha = 1/2, employing 3,310 moments, the lower bound is 0.999955 times as large as 29/64 = 0.453125, a rational value previously considered (J. Phys. A, 43, 195302 (2010)).
We seek to gain insight into the nature of the determinantal moments 〈|ρ PT | n |ρ| k 〉 Bures of generic (nine-dimensional) two-rebit and (fifteen-dimensional) two-qubit systems (ρ), PT denoting partial transpose. Such information—as it has proved to be in the Hilbert–Schmidt counterpart—should be useful, employing probability-distribution reconstruction (inverse) procedures, in obtaining Bures 2 × 2 separability probabilities. The (regularizing) strategy we first adopt is to plot the ratio of numerically-generated (Ginibre ensemble) estimates of the Bures moments to the corresponding (apparently) exactly-known Hilbert–Schmidt moments (Slater and Dunkl 2012 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45 095305). Then, through a combination of symbolic and numerical computations, we obtain strong evidence as to the exact values (and underlying patterns) of certain Bures determinantal moments. In particular, the first moment (average) of |ρ PT | (where ) for the two-qubit systems is, remarkably, . The analogous value for the two-rebit systems is . While in the Hilbert–Schmidt case is the ratio of 3 n -degree polynomials in k , it appears to be the ratio of 5 n -degree polynomials in k in the Bures case.
We report major advances in the research program initiated in 'Moment-based evidence for simple rational-valued Hilbert–Schmidt generic 2 × 2 separability probabilities' (Slater and Dunkl 2012 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45 095305). A highly succinct separability probability function P (α) is put forth, yielding for generic (nine-dimensional) two-rebit systems, , (15-dimensional) two-qubit systems, and (27-dimensional) two-quater(nionic)bit systems, . This particular form of P (α) was obtained by Qing-Hu Hou by applying Zeilberger's algorithm ('creative telescoping') to a fully equivalent—but considerably more complicated—expression containing six 7 F 6 hypergeometric functions (all with argument ). That hypergeometric form itself had been obtained using systematic, high-accuracy probability-distribution-reconstruction computations. These employed 7501 determinantal moments of partially transposed 4 × 4 density matrices, parameterized by . From these computations, exact rational-valued separability probabilities were discernible. The (integral/half-integral) sequences of 32 rational values then served as input to the Mathematica FindSequenceFunction command, from which the initially obtained hypergeometric form of P (α) emerged.
To begin, we find certain formulas Q(k,α)=G1k(α)G2k(α) , for k=-1,0,1,…,9 . These yield that part of the total separability probability, P(k,α) , for generalized (real, complex, quaternionic , etc.) two-qubit states endowed with random induced measure, for which the determinantal inequality ρPT>ρ holds. Here ρ denotes a 4×4 density matrix, obtained by tracing over the pure states in 4×(4+k) -dimensions, and ρPT denotes its partial transpose. Further, α is a Dyson-index-like parameter with α=1 for the standard (15-dimensional) convex set of (complex) two-qubit states. For k=0 , we obtain the previously reported Hilbert-Schmidt formulas, with Q(0,1/2)=29/128 (the real case), Q(0,1)=4/33 (the standard complex case), and Q(0,2)=13/323 (the quaternionic case), the three simply equalling P(0,α)/2 . The factors G2k(α) are sums of polynomial-weighted generalized hypergeometric functions pFp-1 , p≥7 , all with argument z=27/64=(3/4)3 . We find number-theoretic-based formulas for the upper ( uik ) and lower ( bik ) parameter sets of these functions and, then, equivalently express G2k(α) in terms of first-order difference equations. Applications of Zeilberger’s algorithm yield “concise” forms of Q(-1,α) , Q(1,α) , and Q(3,α) , parallel to the one obtained previously (Slater 2013) for P(0,α)=2Q(0,α) . For nonnegative half-integer and integer values of α , Q(k,α
We consider a pair of one-parameter (alpha) families of generalized two-qubit determinantal Hilbert-Schmidt probability distributions, p_{alpha}(|rho^{PT}|) and q_{alpha}(|rho|), where rho is a 4 x 4 density matrix, rho^{PT}, its partial transpose, with |rho^{PT}| \in [-1/16,1/256] and |rho| \in [0, 1/256]. The Dyson-index-like (random matrix) parameter alpha is 1/2 for the 9-dimensional generic two-rebit systems, 1 for the 15-dimensional generic two-qubit systems,... Numerical (moment-based probability-distribution-reconstruction) analyses suggest the conjecture that the Fisher information--a measure over alpha--is identical for the two distinct families. Further, we study the values of p_{alpha}(0), the probability densities at the separability-entanglement boundary, with evidence strongly indicating that p_2(0) =7425/34 and p_3(0)= 7696/69. Despite extensive results of such a nature, we have not yet succeeded--in contrast with the corresponding rational-valued separability probabilities (arXiv.org:1301.6617)--in generating an underlying, explanatory ("concise") formula for p_α(0), even though the corresponding denominators of both sets of rational-valued results are closely related, having almost identical (small) prime factors. The first derivatives p_{alpha}^{'}(0) are positive for alpha = 1/2 and 1, but negative for alpha > 1.
Previously, a formula, incorporating a 5F4 hypergeometric function, for the Hilbert-Schmidt-averaged determinantal moments ρPTnρk/ρk of 4×4 density-matrices ( ρ ) and their partial transposes ( |ρPT| ), was applied with k=0 to the generalized two-qubit separability probability question. The formula can, furthermore, be viewed, as we note here, as an averaging over “induced measures in the space of mixed quantum states.” The associated induced-measure separability probabilities ( k=1,2,… ) are found—viaa high-precision density approximation procedure—to assume interesting, relatively simple rational values in the two-re[al]bit ( α=1/2 ), (standard) two-qubit ( α=1 ), and two-quater[nionic]bit ( α=2 ) cases. We deduce rather simple companion (rebit, qubit, quaterbit, …) formulas that successfully reproduce the rational values assumed forgeneral k . These formulas are observed to share certain features, possibly allowing them to be incorporated into a single master formula.
We significantly advance the research program initiated in "Moment-Based Evidence for Simple Rational-Valued Hilbert-Schmidt Generic 2 x 2 Separability Probabilities" (J. Phys. A, 45, 095305 [2012]). A function P(alpha), incorporating a family of six hypergeometric functions, all with argument 27/64 =(3/4)^3, is obtained here. It reproduces a series, alpha = 1/2, 1, 3/2, 2,...,32$, of sixty-four Hilbert-Schmidt generic 2 x 2 generalized separability probabilities, advanced on the basis of systematic high-accuracy probability-distribution-reconstruction computations, employing 7,501 determinantal moments of partially transposed 4 x 4 density matrices. For generic (9-dimensional) two-rebit systems, P(1/2) = 29/64, (15-dimensional) two-qubit, P(1) = 8/33, and (27-dimensional) two-quat(ernionic)bit systems, P(2)= 26/323. The function P(alpha) is generated--applying the Mathematica command FindSequenceFunction--using solely either) the thirty-two integral or half-integral probabilities, yet successfully predicts the unused thirty-two.