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arXiv:1108.3196 · Chemical Physics

Time-dependent density-functional and reduced density-matrix methods for few electrons: Exact versus adiabatic approximations

N. Helbig, Johanna I. Fuks, I. V. Tokatly, Heiko Appel, Eberhard K. U. Gross, Ángel Rubio

Published Jun 30, 2011• 37 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.06.010

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With the aim of describing real-time electron dynamics, we introduce an adiabatic approximation for the equation of motion of the one-body reduced density matrix (one-matrix). The eigenvalues of the one-matrix, which represent the occupation numbers of single-particle orbitals, are obtained from the constrained minimization of the instantaneous ground-state energy functional rather than from their dynamical equations. The performance of the approximation vis-\`a-vis nonadiabatic effects is assessed in real-time simulations of a two-site Hubbard model. Due to Landau-Zener-type transitions, the system evolves into a nonstationary state with persistent oscillations in the observables. The amplitude of the oscillations displays a strongly nonmonotonic dependence on the strength of the electron-electron interaction and the rate of variation of the external potential. We interpret an associated resonance behavior in the phase of the oscillations in terms of ``scattering'' with spectator energy levels. To clarify the motivation for the minimization condition, we derive a sequence of energy functionals Ev(n){E}_{v}^{(n)}Ev(n)​, for which the corresponding sequence of minimizing one-matrices is asymptotic to the exact one-matrix in the adiabatic limit.
The adiabatic approximation is problematic in time-dependent density matrix functional theory. With pure density matrix functionals (invariant under phase change of the natural orbitals) it leads to lack of response in the occupation numbers, hence wrong frequency dependent responses, in particular α(ω→0)≠α(0) (the static polarizability). We propose to relinquish the requirement that the functional must be a pure one-body reduced density matrix (1RDM) functional, and to introduce additional variables which can be interpreted as phases of the one-particle states of the independent particle reference system formed with the natural orbitals, thus obtaining so-called phase-including natural orbital (PINO) functionals. We also stress the importance of the correct choice of the complex conjugation in the two-electron integrals in the commonly used functionals (they should not be of exchange type). We demonstrate with the Löwdin-Shull energy expression for two-electron systems, which is an example of a PINO functional, that for two-electron systems exact responses (polarizabilities, excitation energies) are obtained, while writing this energy expression in the usual way as a 1RDM functional yields erroneous responses.
The one-body density matrix has recently attracted considerable attention as a promising key quantity for the description of systems out of equilibrium. Its time evolution is given in terms of the two-body density matrix, and thus the central challenge is to find approximations to the latter. An extra layer of difficulty is added when dealing with strong electron correlations. In this work, we explore precisely this regime by looking at the two-site Anderson impurity model as a case study. To address the system's dynamics, we use an adiabatic approximation based on the exact ground-state two-body density matrix. We find that this adiabatic extension does not reproduce the exact results even for a slow switch-on of the external perturbation, and we trace back this behavior to the lack of an accurate imaginary part of the adiabatic approximation to the two-body density matrix. The attempt to restore an approximate imaginary part through a Hilbert transform of the real part works well only for very short times, but quickly deteriorates for longer times, with the one-body density matrix being pushed out of its N-representability domain. Our results thus pose an important constraint on practical prescriptions to perform the time evolution of the one-body density matrix.