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arXiv:1107.4743

Unitary invariant discord as a measure of bipartite quantum correlations in an $N$-qubit quantum system

Alexander Ivanovich Zenchuk

Published Jul 24, 2011• 1 citation
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Abstract

We introduce a measure of quantum correlations in the $N$-qubit quantum system which is invariant with respect to the $SU(2^N)$ group of transformations of this system. This measure is a modification of the quantum discord introduced earlier and is referred to as the unitary or $SU(2^N)$-invariant discord. Since the evolution of a quantum system is equivalent to the proper unitary transformation, the introduced measure is an integral of motion and is completely defined by eigenvalues of the density matrix. As far as the calculation of the unitary invariant discord is rather complicated computational problem, we propose its modification which may be found in a simpler way. The case N=2 is considered in details. In particular, it is shown that the modified SU(4)-invariant discord reaches the maximum value for a pure state. {A geometric measure of the unitary invariant discord of an $N$-qubit state is introduced and a simple formula for this measure is derived, which allows one to consider this measure as a witness of quantum correlations.} The relation of the unitary invariant discord with the quantum state transfer along the spin chain is considered. We also compare the modified SU(4)-invariant discord with the geometric measure of SU(4)-invariant discord of the two-qubit systems in the thermal equilibrium states governed by the different Hamiltonians.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1107.4743

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Unitary invariant discord as a measure of bipartite quantum correlations in an NNN-qubit quantum system
We introduce a measure of quantum correlations in the NNN-qubit quantum system which is invariant with respect to the SU(2N)SU(2^N)SU(2N) group of transformations of this system. This measure is a modification of the quantum discord introduced earlier and is referred to as the unitary or SU(2N)SU(2^N)SU(2N)-invariant discord. Since the evolution of a quantum system is equivalent to the proper unitary transformation, the introduced measure is an integral of motion and is completely defined by eigenvalues of the density matrix. As far as the calculation of the unitary invariant discord is rather complicated computational problem, we propose its modification which may be found in a simpler way. The case N=2 is considered in details. In particular, it is shown that the modified SU(4)-invariant discord reaches the maximum value for a pure state. {A geometric measure of the unitary invariant discord of an NNN-qubit state is introduced and a simple formula for this measure is derived, which allows one to consider this measure as a witness of quantum correlations.} The relation of the unitary invariant discord with the quantum state transfer along the spin chain is considered. We also compare the modified SU(4)-invariant discord with the geometric measure of SU(4)-invariant discord of the two-qubit systems in the thermal equilibrium states governed by the different Hamiltonians.
Quantum discord, a kind of quantum correlation, is defined as the difference between quantum mutual information and classical correlation in a bipartite system. In general, this correlation is different from entanglement, and quantum discord may be nonzero even for certain separable states. Even in the simple case of bipartite quantum systems, this different kind of quantum correlation has interesting and significant applications in quantum information processing. So far, quantum discord has been calculated explicitly only for a rather limited set of two-qubit quantum states and expressions for more general quantum states are not known. In this article, we derive explicit expressions for quantum discord for a larger class of two-qubit states, namely, a seven-parameter family of so called XXX states that have been of interest in a variety of contexts in the field. We also study the relation between quantum discord, classical correlation, and entanglement for a number of two-qubit states to demonstrate that they are independent measures of correlation with no simple relative ordering between them.
Quantum discord, a kind of quantum correlation, is defined as the difference between quantum mutual information and classical correlation in a bipartite system. It has been discussed so far for small systems with only a few independent parameters. We extend here to a much broader class of states when the second party is of arbitrary dimension d, so long as the first, measured, party is a qubit. We present two formulae to calculate quantum discord, the first relating to the original entropic definition and the second to a recently proposed geometric distance measure which leads to an analytical formulation. The tracing over the qubit in the entropic calculation is reduced to a very simple prescription. And, when the d-dimensional system is a so-called X state, the density matrix having non-zero elements only along the diagonal and anti-diagonal so as to appear visually like the letter X, the entropic calculation can be carried out analytically. Such states of the full bipartite qubit-qudit system may be named "extended X states", whose density matrix is built of four block matrices, each visually appearing as an X. The optimization involved in the entropic calculation is generally over two parameters, reducing to one for many cases, and avoided altogether for an overwhelmingly large set of density matrices as our numerical investigations demonstrate. Our results also apply to states of a N-qubit system, where "extended X states" consist of (2^(N+2) - 1) states, larger in number than the (2^(N+1) - 1) of X states of N qubits. While these are still smaller than the total number (2^(2N) - 1) of states of N qubits, the number of parameters involved is nevertheless large. In the case of N = 2, they encompass the entire 15-dimensional parameter space, that is, the extended X states for N = 2 represent the full qubit-qubit system.
The minimal Bures distance of a quantum state of a bipartite system AB to the set of classical states for subsystem A defines a geometric measure of quantum discord. When A is a qubit, we show that this geometric quantum discord is given in terms of the eigenvalues of a (2 n B ) × (2 n B ) Hermitian matrix, n B being the Hilbert space dimension of the other subsystem B . As a first application, we calculate the geometric discord for the output state of the DQC1 algorithm. We find that it takes its highest value when the unitary matrix from which the algorithm computes the trace has its eigenvalues uniformly distributed on the unit circle modulo a symmetry with respect to the origin. As a second application, we derive an explicit formula for the geometric discord of a two-qubit state ρ with maximally mixed marginals and compare it with other measures of quantum correlations. We also determine the closest classical states to ρ.
Quantum correlations among different parts of a composite quantum system are the fundamental resource of several applications in quantum information. In general, quantum discord can measure quantum correlations. In that way, the quantum correlations in the Yang-Baxter spin-1/2 chain mode are investigated. In the second part of the paper, the Yang-Baxter spin-1/2 chain modes are constructed from the Yang-Baxter equation. First, we analyze the two matrix representations of Temperly-Lieb algebra. Second, the two solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation are generated using the Yang-Baxterization. Finally, we can change the usual two-particle spin-1/2 chain to the Yang-Baxter spin-1/2 chain modes by means of the unitary Yang-Baxter matrix-R. In the third part, the density matrices of the two chain modes are generated in the thermal equilibrium state in a canonical ensemble. According to the definition of the geometric measure of quantum discord, the analytical expressions of the geometric measure of quantum discord, in the temperature and the external magnetic field, are obtained for the Yang-Baxter spin-1/2 chain modes. When the temperature and the magnetic field intensity increase, the geometric measure of quantum discord decreases. Under the specific conditions, the result of the second chain mode is similar to that of the first one. Then we obtain the numerical results of quantum discord, the geometric measure of quantum discord, and concurrence. It is found that the concurrence can quickly decrease to the value of zero when the temperature is greater than the value of one. At the same time, quantum discord and the geometric measure of quantum discord are not of the value of zero. Thus the quantum discord and the geometric measure of quantum discord can go beyond the concept of entanglement and obtain the “quantumness” of the correlations between the two parts of a system for the Yang-Baxter spin-1/2 chain modes. They are very good quantum resources for quantum information and quantum computing.
Quantum discord, as introduced by Ollivier and Zurek (2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 017901), is a measure of the discrepancy between quantum versions of two classically equivalent expressions for mutual information and is found to be useful in quantification and application of quantum correlations in mixed states. It is viewed as a key resource present in certain quantum communication tasks and quantum computational models without containing much entanglement. An early step toward the quantification of quantum discord in a quantum state was by Dakic et al (2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 190502) who introduced a geometric measure of quantum discord and derived an explicit formula for any two-qubit state. Recently, Luo and Fu (2010 Phys. Rev. A 82 034302) introduced a generic form of the geometric measure of quantum discord for a bipartite quantum state. We extend these results and find generic forms of the geometric measure of quantum discord and total quantum correlations in a general N -partite quantum state. Further, we obtain computable exact formulas for the geometric measure of quantum discord and total quantum correlations in an N -qubit quantum state. The exact formulas for the N -qubit quantum state can be used to get experimental estimates of the quantum discord and the total quantum correlation.