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arXiv:1106.3567 · Contemporary concepts of condensed matter science

Potential Insights into Nonequilibrium Behavior from Atomic Physics

Austen Lamacraft, Joel E. Moore

Published Jan 1, 2012• 39 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1016/b978-0-444-53857-4.00007-6

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The nonequilibrium dynamics of a gas of cold atoms in which Rydberg states are off-resonantly excited is studied in the presence of noise. The interplay between interaction and off-resonant excitation leads to an initial dynamics where aggregates of excited Rydberg atoms slowly nucleate and grow, eventually reaching long-lived metastable arrangements which then relax further on much longer time scales. This growth dynamics is governed by an effective Master equation which permits a transparent and largely analytical understanding of the underlying physics. By means of extensive numerical simulations we study the many-body dynamics and the correlations of the resulting nonequilibrium states in various dimensions. Our results provide insight into the dynamical richness of strongly interacting Rydberg gases in noisy environments, and highlight the usefulness of these kinds of systems for the exploration of soft-matter-type collective behavior.
We present a systematic study of the nonequilibrium steady states (NESS) in Mott insulators driven by dc or ac electric fields, based on the Floquet dynamical mean-field theory. The results are analyzed using a generalized tunneling formula for the current, which is reminiscent of the Meir-Wingreen formula and provides insights into the relevant physical processes. In the dc case, the spectrum of the NESSs exhibits Wannier-Stark (WS) states associated with the lower and upper Hubbard bands. In addition, there emerge WS sidebands from many-body states. Using the tunneling formula, we demonstrate that the tunneling between these WS states leads to peaks or humps in the induced dc current. In the ac case, we cover a wide parameter range of excitation frequencies and field strengths to clarify the crossover from field-induced tunneling behavior in the dc limit to nonequilibrium states dominated by multiphoton absorption in the ac limit. In the crossover regime, the single-particle spectrum is characterized by a coexistence of Floquet sidebands and WS peaks, and the current and double occupation exhibit a nontrivial dependence on the field strength. The tunneling formula works quantitatively well even in the ac case, and we use it to discuss the potential cooperation of tunneling and multiphoton processes in the crossover regime. The tunneling formula and its simplified versions also provide physical insights into the high-harmonic generation in Mott insulators.