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arXiv:1105.4512

The unified quantum wave equation

Arbab I. Arbab

Published May 14, 2011• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The quaterionic formulation of quantum mechanics yields the unified quantum wave equation (UQWEs). From these equations, Dirac, Klein - Gordon and Schrodinger equations can be derived. While the UQWEs represent a matter wave (de Broglie), the Maxwell equations represent a transverse wave (field). Owing to UQWEs, the spin-0 and spin-1/2 particle are described by a wavepacket consisting of waves traveling to the left and to the right with speed of light. UQWEs show that spin-0 and spin-1/2 are in continuous states of creation and annihilation that are compatible with Heisenberg uncertainty relation. The creation - annihilation process is a result of the time translation property of the particle wavefunction. These are $E'=E-im_0c^2$ and $E'=E\pm m_0c^2$, for Klein-Gordon' and Dirac' particles, respectively. It is found that $\frac{\hbar}{m_0c^2}$ is the period of the creation -annihilation process.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1105.4512

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The quaterionic formulation of quantum mechanics yields the unified quantum wave equation (UQWEs). From these equations, Dirac, Klein - Gordon and Schrodinger equations can be derived. While the UQWEs represent a matter wave (de Broglie), the Maxwell equations represent a transverse wave (field). Owing to UQWEs, the spin-0 and spin-1/2 particle are described by a wavepacket consisting of waves traveling to the left and to the right with speed of light. UQWEs show that spin-0 and spin-1/2 are in continuous states of creation and annihilation that are compatible with Heisenberg uncertainty relation. The creation - annihilation process is a result of the time translation property of the particle wavefunction. These are E′=E−im0c2E'=E-im_0c^2E′=E−im0​c2 and E′=E±m0c2E'=E\pm m_0c^2E′=E±m0​c2, for Klein-Gordon' and Dirac' particles, respectively. It is found that ℏm0c2\frac{\hbar}{m_0c^2}m0​c2ℏ​ is the period of the creation -annihilation process.
A new formulation of quantum mechanics based on differential commutator brackets is developed. We have found a wave equation representing the fermionic particle. In this formalism, the continuity equation mixes the Klein-Gordon and Schrodinger probability density while keeping the Klein-Gordon and Schrodinger current unaltered. We have found time and space transformations under which Dirac’s equation is invariant. The invariance of Maxwell’s equations under these transformations shows that the electric and magnetic fields of a moving charged particle are perpendicular to the velocity of the propagating particle. This formulation agrees with the quaternionic formulation recently developed by Arbab.
We underscore the need of relativistic quantum mechanics in dealing with particles. Various notations used in relativity are defined and explained. We derive the Klein–Gordon equation for free particle as well as for particle in electromagnetic field. We obtain a solution and interpret it. We derive the Dirac equation for free particle as well as for particle in electromagnetic field. Plane wave solution to the Dirac equation is obtained. We show how spin of electron, idea of antiparticle , phenomena of pair production and pair annihilation follow from the Dirac equation.
The Klein–Gordon equation, written down in 1926 by Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon (and earlier in unpublished form by Schrödinger himself), is the natural relativistic extension of quantum mechanics for spin‑zero particles: (□ + m²c²/ℏ²) Ψ = 0 where □ = (1/c²) ∂ₜ² − ∇². The equation is second‑order in both time and space, treats them symmetrically, and reduces to the free‑particle Schrödinger equation in the non‑relativistic limit. Its plane‑wave solutions satisfy the relativistic mass‑shell condition E² = p²c² + m²c⁴. Why is a relativistic version needed at all? The Schrödinger equation describes how quantum systems evolve when they’re moving slowly compared to the speed of light — fine for atoms, molecules, and everyday chemistry, where electrons move at less than 1% of c. But the Schrödinger equation is first‑order in time and second‑order in space, treating the two on different footings. Special relativity says space and time are unified into a single four‑dimensional structure where Lorentz transformations mix them, and any equation that privileges time over space breaks Lorentz invariance. A truly fundamental quantum equation must respect this symmetry. Klein–Gordon is the minimal scalar‑field equation that does. The standard derivation runs by analogy: start with the relativistic energy–momentum relation E² = p²c² + m²c⁴, replace E by iℏ∂ₜ and p by −iℏ∇, apply both sides to a wavefunction. This produces the right equation but it’s not really a derivation — it’s a guess motivated by the Schrödinger operator‑substitution procedure. This walkthrough shows how the Event Density framework derives the Klein–Gordon equation from substrate primitives — the same primitives that gave the Born rule, the Schrödinger equation, and the Bell–Tsirelson bound — plus the commitment to Lorentz covariance. The participation measure becomes Lorentz‑covariant. The unique second‑order Lorentz‑scalar differential operator on a scalar field is the d’Alembertian; the minimum‑order Lorentz‑scalar linear equation is therefore (□ + M²) Ψ = 0. Dimensional analysis fixes M² = m²c²/ℏ². Local U(1) gauge invariance forces the covariant derivative and the conserved four‑current. The non‑relativistic limit, via rest‑energy factorization, recovers the free‑particle Schrödinger equation exactly. The structural payoff: the Klein–Gordon equation is what you get when the substrate ontology is pushed through a Lorentz‑covariant reformulation. No new primitives are required. Relativistic and non‑relativistic quantum mechanics are not two theories glued together by analogy; they are the same substrate ontology applied at different velocity regimes. The walkthrough is honest about the known caveats — negative‑energy solutions and the non‑positive‑definite j₀ current — both of which resolve at the Dirac level and at QFT.
The universal quantum equation (UQE) is found to describe the transport properties of the quantum particles. This equation describes a wave equation interacting with constant scalar and vector potentials propagating in spacetime. A new transformation that sends the Schrödinger equation with a potential energy to Dirac's equation is proposed. The Cattaneo telegraph equation as well as a one-dimensional UQE are compatible with our recently proposed generalized continuity equations. Furthermore, a new wave equation resulted from the invariance of the UQE under the post-Galilean transformations is derived. This equation is found to govern a Klein—Gordon's particle interacting with a photon-like vector field (ether) whose magnitude is proportional to the particle's mass.