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arXiv:1105.1232 · Physical Review A

Comment on “Security analysis and improvements of arbitrated quantum signature schemes”

Tzonelih Hwang, Yi-Ping Luo, Song‐Kong Chong

Published May 24, 2012• 40 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Recently, Zou, and Qiu [Phys. Rev. A 82, 042325 (2010)] demonstrated that two arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) schemes are not secure because an arbitrator cannot arbitrate the dispute between two users when a receiver repudiates the integrity of a signature. By using a public board, Zou and Qiu's proposed two AQS schemes to solve the problem. This work shows that the same security problem may exist in Zou and Qiu's schemes. Moreover, a malicious verifier, Bob, can actively negate a signed order if he wants to. This attack, a special case of the denial-of-service (DoS) attack mentioned by Cai [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 109801 (2003)], is important in quantum cryptography. Bob may get some benefits from this DoS attack since he can actively deny Alice's signed order without being detected. This work also shows that a malicious signer can reveal the verifier's secret key without being detected by using Trojan-horse attacks.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.85.056301

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Recently, Zou, and Qiu [Phys. Rev. A 82, 042325 (2010)] demonstrated that two arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) schemes are not secure because an arbitrator cannot arbitrate the dispute between two users when a receiver repudiates the integrity of a signature. By using a public board, Zou and Qiu's proposed two AQS schemes to solve the problem. This work shows that the same security problem may exist in Zou and Qiu's schemes. Moreover, a malicious verifier, Bob, can actively negate a signed order if he wants to. This attack, a special case of the denial-of-service (DoS) attack mentioned by Cai [Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 109801 (2003)], is important in quantum cryptography. Bob may get some benefits from this DoS attack since he can actively deny Alice's signed order without being detected. This work also shows that a malicious signer can reveal the verifier's secret key without being detected by using Trojan-horse attacks.
A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document. For signing quantum messages, some arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) schemes have been proposed. It was claimed that these AQS schemes could guarantee unconditional security. However, we show that they can be repudiated by the receiver Bob. To conquer this shortcoming, we construct an AQS scheme using a public board. The AQS scheme not only avoids being disavowed by the receiver but also preserves all merits in the existing schemes. Furthermore, we discover that entanglement is not necessary while all these existing AQS schemes depend on entanglement. Therefore, we present another AQS scheme without utilizing entangled states in the signing phase and the verifying phase. This scheme has three advantages: it does not utilize entangled states and it preserves all merits in the existing schemes; the signature can avoid being disavowed by the receiver; and it provides a higher efficiency in transmission and reduces the complexity of implementation.
Arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) schemes use quantum cryptography to ensure their security, and the schemes provide that the signature receiver verifies the signature with the arbitrator's assistance.Very recently, Gao and Choi found in some previous AQS schemes, the receiver, Bob can counterfeit the signer's signature under known message.Additionally, the paper gives the security analysis of the AQS scheme, and results show that not only the receiver, but also the attacker can forge the signature in the AQS scheme.Furthermore, the signer can successfully disavow any message she ever signed.To conquer these shortcomings, this paper gives a new AQS scheme without quantum entangled state; it uses special quantum logic gate and new quantum one-time pads to ensure its security.Compares with other previous AQS schemes, the new scheme has following advantages: (1) the new scheme guarantees the receiver and the attacker cannot forge the signature; (2) Because the new scheme does not use quantum entangled states, so it can reduce the complexity of implementation and provides a higher efficiency in transmission; (3) The receiver, Bob has verified the signature's integrity, so Alice cannot disavow her having signed message.
Arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) schemes aim at ensuring the authenticity of a message with the help of an arbitrator. Moreover, they aim at preventing repudiation, both from a sender that denies the origin of a message, and from a receiver who disavows its reception. Such protocols use quantum communication and are often designed to protect quantum messages. In this paper, we study four recently submitted AQS schemes and propose attacks on their security. Firstly, we look at Zhang, Sun, Zhang and Jia's AQS scheme which aims at signing quantum messages with chained CNOT encryption. We show that the sender can repudiate her messages and make false allegation of reception. Moreover, we show that a dishonest receiver can forge signatures. Secondly, we analyse Ding, Xin, Yang and Sang's AQS protocol to sign classical messages based on GHZ states. We show that both the sender and the receiver have simple repudiation strategies. Thirdly, we study Lu, Li, Yu and Han's AQS scheme that uses controlled teleportation to protect quantum messages. We expose forgeries, false allegation attacks and the possibility of repudiation by both parties. Fourthly, we focus on the AQS scheme by Zhang, Xin, Sun, Li and Li designed to sign classical messages without entangled states. We show that one can disavow the reception of messages, and that information-theoretic security is not achieved for other security goals.
Arbitrated quantum signatures (AQS), for signing quantum message, have been proposed. It was claimed that the AQS schemes could guarantee unconditional security. However, in this paper, we show that all the presented AQS protocols are insecure if quantum one-time pad encryption is used where the signer Alice can always successfully acquire Bob's secret key and disavow any of her signatures. The detailed attack strategies and security analysis are described. Furthermore, the original version of the protocols is revised and accordingly the security of the AQS protocols are improved. And meanwhile we present a method to against Alice's disavowal proposed by Gao et al. (arXiv:1106.4398v1).
We investigate the existing arbitrated quantum signature schemes as well as their cryptanalysis, including intercept-resend attack and denial-of-service attack. By exploring the loopholes of these schemes, the malicious signatory may successfully disavow signed messages, or the receiver may actively negate the signature from the signatory without being detected. By modifying the existing schemes, we develop counter-measures to the attacks using Bell states. The newly proposed scheme puts forward the security of arbitrated quantum signature. Furthermore, several valuable topics are also presented for the further research on quantum signature scheme.