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arXiv:1105.1084 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

Extreme covariant quantum observables in the case of an Abelian symmetry group and a transitive value space

Erkka Haapasalo, Juha-Pekka Pellonpää

Published Dec 1, 2011• 6 citations
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Abstract

We represent quantum observables as normalized positive operator valued measures and consider convex sets of observables which are covariant with respect to a unitary representation of a locally compact Abelian symmetry group G. The value space of such observables is a transitive G-space. We characterize the extreme points of covariant observables and also determine the covariant extreme points of the larger set of all quantum observables. The results are applied to position, position difference, and time observables.

DOI
10.1063/1.3668317

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We represent quantum observables as normalized positive operator valued measures and consider convex sets of observables which are covariant with respect to a unitary representation of a locally compact Abelian symmetry group G. The value space of such observables is a transitive G-space. We characterize the extreme points of covariant observables and also determine the covariant extreme points of the larger set of all quantum observables. The results are applied to position, position difference, and time observables.
Convex sets of quantum states and processes play a central role in quantum theory and quantum information. Many important examples of convex sets in quantum theory are spectrahedra, that is, sets of positive operators satisfying affine constraints. These examples include sets of quantum states with given expectation values of a set of observables, sets of multipartite quantum states with given marginals, sets of quantum measurements, channels and multitime quantum processes, as well as sets of higher-order quantum maps and quantum causal structures. This contribution provides a characterization of the extreme points of general spectrahedra, and bounds on the ranks of the corresponding operators. The general results are applied to several special cases, and then used to retrieve classic results such as Choi’s characterization of the extreme quantum channels, Parthasarathy’s characterization of the extreme quantum states with given marginals and the quantum version of Birkhoff’s theorem for qubit unital channels. Finally, we propose a notion of positive operator valued measures (POVMs) with general affine constraints for their normalization, and we characterize the extremal POVMs.
We study completely positive (CP) [Formula: see text]-sesquilinear-form-valued maps on a unital [Formula: see text]-algebra [Formula: see text], where the sesquilinear forms operate on a module over a [Formula: see text]-algebra [Formula: see text]. We also study the cases when either one or both of the algebras are von Neumann algebras. Moreover, we assume that the CP maps are covariant with respect to actions of a symmetry group. This allows us to view these maps as generalizations of covariant quantum instruments. We determine minimal covariant dilations (KSGNS constructions) for covariant CP maps to find necessary and sufficient conditions for a CP map to be extreme in convex subsets of normalized covariant CP maps. As a special case, we study covariant quantum observables and instruments whose value space is a transitive space of a unimodular type-I group. Finally, we discuss the case of instruments that are covariant with respect to a square-integrable representation.