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arXiv:1102.4318 · Physical Review A

Measures of non-Markovianity: Divisibility versus backflow of information

Dariusz Chruściński, Andrzej Kossakowski, ́Angel Rivas

Published May 31, 2011• 270 citations
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Abstract

We analyze two recently proposed measures of non-Markovianity: one based on the concept of divisibility of the dynamical map and the other one based on distinguishability of quantum states. We provide a model to show that these two measures need not agree. In addition, we discuss possible generalizations and intricate relations between these measures.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.83.052128

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We analyze two recently proposed measures of non-Markovianity: one based on the concept of divisibility of the dynamical map and the other one based on distinguishability of quantum states. We provide a model to show that these two measures need not agree. In addition, we discuss possible generalizations and intricate relations between these measures.
We prove the equivalence between two approaches to the characterisation of quantum Markovianity, divisibility and lack of information backflow. We show that a dynamical map is completely-positive-divisible if and only if a monotonic non-increase of distinguishability is observed for two equiprobable states of the evolving system and an ancilla. Moreover our proof is constructive for invertible dynamical maps: given any such a map that is not completely-positive-divisible, we give an explicit construction of two states that exhibit information backflow. Finally, while an ancilla is necessary for the equivalence to hold in general, we show that it is always possible to witness the non-Markovianity of maps without using any entanglement between system and ancilla.
The study of non-Markovian quantum processes has attracted significant interest in recent decades, giving rise to several competing notions of quantum non-Markovianity. These notes serve as an introduction to the topic for graduate students familiar with quantum mechanics and probability theory. Owing to the vastness of the literature, we focus on two prominent characterizations of quantum Markovianity based on the divisibility of quantum channels and monotonically decreasing state distinguishability. The correspondence between classical concepts (stochastic matrices, Chapman-Kolmogorov equation) and their quantum analogs (dynamical maps, CP-divisibility) is emphasized throughout.
We investigate the relation between two approaches to the characterization of quantum Markovianity, divisibility and lack of information backflow. We show that a bijective dynamical map is completely positive divisible if and only if a monotonic nonincrease of distinguishability is observed for two equiprobable states of the evolving system and an ancilla. Moreover, our proof is constructive: given any such map that is not completely positive divisible, we give an explicit construction of two states that, when taken with the same a priori probability, exhibit information backflow. Finally, while an ancilla is necessary for the equivalence to hold in general, we show that it is always possible to witness the non-Markovianity of bijective maps without using any entanglement between the system and ancilla.