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arXiv:1101.1714 · Physical Review A

Theory of a fermionic superfluid with SU(2) × SU(6) symmetry

Sungkit Yip

Published Jun 7, 2011• 16 citations
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Abstract

We study theoretically interspecies Cooper pairing in a fermionic system with SU(2) $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ SU(6) symmetry. We show that, with suitable unitary transformations, the order parameter for the ground state can be reduced to only two nonvanishing complex components. The ground state has a large degeneracy. We find that while some Goldstone modes have linear dispersion, others are quadratic at low frequencies. We compare our results with the case of SU($N$).

DOI
10.1103/physreva.83.063607

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We study theoretically interspecies Cooper pairing in a fermionic system with SU(2) \ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi SU(6) symmetry. We show that, with suitable unitary transformations, the order parameter for the ground state can be reduced to only two nonvanishing complex components. The ground state has a large degeneracy. We find that while some Goldstone modes have linear dispersion, others are quadratic at low frequencies. We compare our results with the case of SU(NNN).
We investigate the superfluidity and the associated Nambu-Goldstone modes in a three-flavor atomic Fermi gas with SU(3)\mathrm{SU}(3)SU(3) global symmetry. The sss-wave pairing occurs in flavor antitriplet channel due to the Pauli principle, and the superfluid state contains both gapped and gapless fermionic excitations. Corresponding to the spontaneous breaking of the SU(3)\mathrm{SU}(3)SU(3) symmetry to a SU(2)\mathrm{SU}(2)SU(2) symmetry with five broken generators, there are only three Nambu-Goldstone modes, one is with linear dispersion law and two are with quadratic dispersion law. The other two expected Nambu-Goldstone modes become massive with a mass gap of the order of the fermion energy gap in a wide coupling range. The abnormal number of Nambu-Goldstone modes, the quadratic dispersion law, and the mass gap have significant effect on the low-temperature thermodynamics of the matter.
We analyze the effects of order-parameter fluctuations on the ground state of fully gapped charge-neutral fermionic superfluids. The Goldstone mode associated with the spontaneously broken symmetry leads to a problem of coupled singularities in $d\ensuremath{\le}3$ dimensions. We derive a minimal set of one-loop renormalization group equations which fully captures the interplay of the singularities. The flow equations are based on a symmetry-conserving truncation of a scale-dependent effective action. We compute the low-energy behavior of longitudinal, transverse, and mixed order-parameter correlations, and their impact on the fermionic gap. We demonstrate analytically that cancellations protecting the Goldstone mode are respected by the flow, and we present a numerical solution of the flow equations for the two-dimensional attractive Hubbard model.
Interacting Bose-Fermi mixtures possess a fermionic (super)symmetry when bosons and fermions in the mixture have equal masses, and when the interaction strengths are appropriately tuned. This symmetry is spontaneously broken in the ground state of the mixture, leading to a novel Goldstone mode with fermionic statistics and quadratic dispersion. Here we examine the effect of explicit symmetry-breaking perturbations on the Goldstone mode. When the symmetry is not exact and the system is allowed to deviate from the symmetric point, we find that the Goldstone mode acquires an energy gap. We show that the excitations manifest themselves as a nonanalyticity of the thermodynamic pressure.
A two component model of negative U centers coupled with the Fermi sea of itinerant fermions is discussed in connection with high-temperature superconductivity of cuprates, and superfluidity of atomic fermions. We examine the phase transition and the condensed state of this boson-fermion model (BFM) beyond the ordinary mean-field approximation in two and three dimensions. No pairing of fermions and no condensation are found in two-dimensions for any symmetry of the order parameter. The expansion in the strength of the order parameter near the transition yields no linear homogeneous term in the Ginzburg-Landau-Gor'kov equation and a zero upper critical field in any-dimensional BFM, which indicates that previous mean-field discussions of the model are flawed. Normal and anomalous Green's functions are obtained diagrammatically and analytically in the condensed state of a simplest version of 3D BFM. A pairing of bosons analogous to the Cooper pairing of fermions is found. There are three coupled condensates in the model, described by the off-diagonal single-particle boson, pair-fermion and pair-boson fields. These results negate the common wisdom that the boson-fermion model is adequately described by the BCS theory at weak coupling.
In this work, a Josephson relation is generalized to a multi-component fermion superfluid. Superfluid density is expressed through a two-particle Green function for pairing states. When the system has only one gapless collective excitation mode, the Josephson relation is simplified, which is given in terms of the superfluid order parameters and the trace of two-particle normal Green function. In addition, it is found that the matrix elements of two-particle Green function is directly related to the matrix elements of the pairing fluctuations of superfluid order parameters. Furthermore, in the presence of inversion symmetry, the superfluid density is given in terms of the pairing fluctuation matrix. The results of the superfluid density in Haldane model show that the generalized Josephson relation can be also applied to a multi-band fermion superfluid in lattice.
In phase transitions, spontaneous symmetry breaking results in a nonzero order parameter and two collective excitations: the Goldstone and the amplitude mode. These modes, which define key properties of superconductors and fermionic superfluids, are well understood in homogeneous systems. However, their behavior under strong confinement remains largely unexplored, particularly when their excitation energy becomes comparable to the imposed discrete level spacing. In this scenario, hybridization between different collective modes is expected to take place. Here, we show how the amplitude mode hybridizes with a spatial mode in a confined fermionic superfluid. Using lattice modulation spectroscopy, we observe the evolution of the mode throughout the entire crossover from the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of molecules. In the BCS regime, the excitation energy is located at twice the pairing gap, then gradually becomes an in-gap excitation in the strongly correlated regime. Further to the BEC limit, the excitation energy approaches twice the level spacing. The spectral weight of this mode vanishes when approaching the superfluid critical temperature. Our experimental results are in excellent agreement with an effective field theory, providing strong evidence that amplitude oscillations hybridize with and eventually transform into breathing oscillations of the order parameter. The strong modification of the excitation spectrum reveals how confinement and finite-size effects impact fundamental modes of symmetry-broken states.