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arXiv:1101.1139 · Physical Review A

Demonstration of a reversible phase-insensitive optical amplifier

Jun–ichi Yoshikawa, Yoshichika Miwa, Radim Filip, Akira Furusawa

Published May 11, 2011• 17 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate phase-insensitive linear amplification of a continuous variable system in the optical regime, preserving the ancilla system at the output. Since our amplification operation is unitary up to small excess noise, it is reversible beyond the classical limit. Here, entanglement between the amplified output system and the ancilla system is the resource for the reversibility, and the amplification gain is $G=2.0$. In addition, combining this amplifier with a beamsplitter, we also demonstrate approximate cloning of coherent states where an anticlone is present. We investigate the reversibility by reconstructing the initial state from the output correlations, and the results are slightly beyond the cloning limit. Furthermore, full characterization of the amplifier and cloner is given by using coherent states with several different mean values as inputs. Our amplifier is based on linear optics, offline-prepared additional ancillas in nonclassical states, and homodyne measurements followed by feedforward. Squeezed states are used as the additional ancillas, and nonlinear optical effects are exploited only for their generation. They introduce nonclassicality into the amplifying operation, making entanglement at the output.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.83.052307

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We experimentally demonstrate phase-insensitive linear amplification of a continuous variable system in the optical regime, preserving the ancilla system at the output. Since our amplification operation is unitary up to small excess noise, it is reversible beyond the classical limit. Here, entanglement between the amplified output system and the ancilla system is the resource for the reversibility, and the amplification gain is G=2.0G=2.0G=2.0. In addition, combining this amplifier with a beamsplitter, we also demonstrate approximate cloning of coherent states where an anticlone is present. We investigate the reversibility by reconstructing the initial state from the output correlations, and the results are slightly beyond the cloning limit. Furthermore, full characterization of the amplifier and cloner is given by using coherent states with several different mean values as inputs. Our amplifier is based on linear optics, offline-prepared additional ancillas in nonclassical states, and homodyne measurements followed by feedforward. Squeezed states are used as the additional ancillas, and nonlinear optical effects are exploited only for their generation. They introduce nonclassicality into the amplifying operation, making entanglement at the output.
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We present an experimental realization of a low-noise, phase-insensitive optical amplifier using a four-wave mixing interaction in hot Rb vapor. Performance near the quantum limit for a range of amplifier gains, including near unity, can be achieved. Such low-noise amplifiers are essential for so-called quantum cloning machines and are useful in quantum information networks and protocols. We demonstrate that amplification and ''cloning'' of one half of a two-mode squeezed state is possible while preserving entanglement. The inseparability criterion between the two original modes remains satisfied for small to large gains, while the EPR criterion is satisfied for a smaller range. This amplification of quantum correlations paves the way for optimal cloning of a bipartite entangled state.
We examine the effects of linear amplification and attenuation on the quantum-mechanical phase properties of light for fields with mean photon numbers of at least the order of 10. The phase probability density is found to satisfy a diffusion equation for both phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive amplifiers and attenuators. The solution is a convolution of the initial phase probability density with an infinite series of expanding Gaussians which clearly illustrates the diffusion of the phase. In particular, we find that for phase-insensitive amplification the phase of the field undergoes time-dependent uniform diffusion. In the limit of large amplification the diffusion ceases and the phase variance of the amplified light is given by the input phase variance plus an extra term which is equal to the phase variance of a coherent state of the same intensity as the initial field. We show that the reduced phase variance of phase-optimized states (relative to coherent states of the same intensity) is lost for power gains greater than the photon-cloning value of 2. In contrast, phase-sensitive amplifiers give rise to time-dependent nonuniform phase diffusion. The amount of phase diffusion depends on the relative phase angle between the light and the amplifier. If the peak of a relatively narrow phase probability density is near a minimum in the phase diffusion coefficient, then the phase noise added by the amplifier will be less than that found for a phase-insensitive amplifier. Further squeezing of the amplifier reduces the added phase noise proportionally. We find that it is possible, using phase-sensitive amplifiers, to amplify phase-optimized states by power gains considerably larger than 2 and still retain a reduced phase variance.
In this thesis we examine linear amplification of squeezed light, the phase properties of squeezed light and the effect on the phase of light from linear amplification. Previous studies of linear amplifiers of light have shown that (i) when amplifying squeezed light the power gain must be less than 2 to preserve some squeezing in the output light; and (ii) a squeezed output cannot be generated from a non-squeezed input. However, these studies were restricted to a class of linear amplifier that can now be identified as not being squeezed. In this thesis we show how to breach the gain limit with a squeezed linear amplifier, and how to generate squeezed light using a squeezed linear attenuator.
Fundamental laws of quantum mechanics impose that arbitrary quantum states cannot be perfectly cloned or amplified without introducing some unavoidable noise in the process. The quantum noise intrinsic to the functioning of a linear phase-insensitive amplifier can however be avoided by relaxing the requirement of a deterministic operation. Non-deterministic noiseless linear amplifiers that do not violate any fundamental quantum law are therefore possible and here we present the first experimental realization of a scheme that allows noiseless amplification of coherent states at the best level of effective gain and final state fidelity ever reached. This scheme, based on a sequence of photon addition and subtraction, and characterized by a significant amplification and low distortions, may become a useful tool for quantum communications and metrology, by enhancing the discrimination between partially overlapping quantum states or by recovering the information transmitted over lossy channels.