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arXiv:1012.2005 · Physical Review B

Majorana path integral for nonequilibrium dynamics of two-level systems

Tigran Sedrakyan, Victor M. Galitski

Published Apr 15, 2011• 4 citations
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Abstract

We present a new field-theoretic approach to analyze nonequilibrium dynamics of two-level systems (TLS), which is based on a correspondence between a driven TLS and a Majorana fermion field theory coupled to bosonic fields. This approach allows us to calculate analytically properties of nonlinear TLS dynamics with an arbitrary accuracy. We apply our method to analyze specific TLS dynamics under a monochromatic periodic drive that is relevant to the problem of decoherence in Josephson junction qubits. It is demonstrated that the method gives the precise positions of the resonance peaks in the nonlinear dielectric response function that are in agreement with numerical simulations.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.83.134303

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We present a new field-theoretic approach to analyze nonequilibrium dynamics of two-level systems (TLS), which is based on a correspondence between a driven TLS and a Majorana fermion field theory coupled to bosonic fields. This approach allows us to calculate analytically properties of nonlinear TLS dynamics with an arbitrary accuracy. We apply our method to analyze specific TLS dynamics under a monochromatic periodic drive that is relevant to the problem of decoherence in Josephson junction qubits. It is demonstrated that the method gives the precise positions of the resonance peaks in the nonlinear dielectric response function that are in agreement with numerical simulations.
We present a fermionic description of nonequilibrium multilevel systems. Our approach uses the Keldysh path-integral formalism and allows us to take into account periodic drives, as well as dissipative channels. The technique is based on the Majorana fermion representation of spin-1/2 models which follows earlier applications in the context of spin and Kondo systems. We apply this formalism to problems of increasing complexity: a dissipative two-level system, a driven-dissipative multilevel atom, and a generalized Dicke model describing many multilevel atoms coupled to a single cavity. We compare our theoretical predictions with recent QED experiments and point out the features of a counterlasing transition. Our technique provides a convenient and powerful framework for analyzing driven-dissipative quantum systems, complementary to other approaches based on the solution of Lindblad master equations.
We present a family of exact analytic solutions for nonlinear quantum dynamics of a two-level system (TLS) subject to a periodic-in-time external field. In constructing the exactly solvable models, we use a ``reverse engineering'' approach where the form of external perturbation is chosen to preserve an integrability constraint, which yields a single nonlinear differential equation for the ac field. A solution to this equation is expressed in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions with three independent parameters that allows one to choose the frequency, average value, and amplitude of the time-dependent field at will. This form of the ac drive is especially relevant to the problem of dynamics of TLS charge defects that cause dielectric losses in superconducting qubits. We apply our exact results to analyze nonlinear dielectric response of such TLSs and show that the position of the resonance peak in the spectrum of the relevant correlation function is determined by the quantum-mechanical phase accumulated by the TLS wave function over a time evolution cycle. It is shown that in the nonlinear regime, this resonance frequency may be shifted strongly from the value predicted by the canonical TLS model. We also analyze the ``spin'' survival probability in the regime of strong external drive and recover a coherent destruction of tunneling phenomenon within our family of exact solutions, which manifests itself as a strong suppression of ``spin-flip'' processes and suggests that such nonlinear dynamics in LC resonators may lead to lower losses.
We present exact analytic solutions for non-linear quantum dynamics of \n twolevel \nsystem (TLS) subject to \n periodic-in-time external field. >n constructing the \nexactly solvable models, we use \n approach where the form of external perturbation \nis chosen to preserve \nn integrability constraint, which yields \n single non-linear \ndifferential equation for the ac-field. solution to this equation is expressed in terms \nof Jacobi elliptic functions with three independent parameters that allows n to \nchoose the frequency, average value, and amplitude of the time-dependent field at \nwill. This form of the ac-drive is especially relevant to the problem of dynamics of \nTLS charge defects that cause dielectric losses ?n superconducting qubits.
We study the decoherence dynamics of a superconducting qubit coupled to a quantum two-level system (TLS) in addition to its weak coupling to a background environment [1]. We identify two weak-coupling regimes, which differ by the relation between qubit and TLS decoherence times, and a strong coupling regime. We find expressions for the qubit decoherence rates in the weak-coupling regimes. For a weakly coupled and strongly dissipative TLS we find that the qubit dynamics is markovian, whereas for a weakly dissipative TLS the qubit dynamics shows non-markovian behavior. In the strong-coupling regime we study the driven qubit dynamics and we analyze the differences from standard Rabi-oscillations due to the coupling to the quantum TLS [2]. In doing so we identify signatures in the qubit dynamics that can be used to characterize the TLS. We also investigate the possibility of using environmental TLSs with long coherence times for quantum information processing [3]. By using the Josephson junction as a bus and the TLSs in the environment as qubits, we demonstrate that initialization, a universal set of quantum gates, and read-out of the TLSs can be implemented, even though the TLSs themselves cannot be directly accessed.
Abstract Landau–Zener–Stückelberg–Majorana (LZSM) interference occurs when qubit parameters are periodically modulated across avoided level crossings. We explore this phenomenon in nonlinear multilevel bosonic systems, where interference is influenced by multiple energy levels. We fabricate two superconducting resonators with flux-tunable Josephson junction arrays. The first device, exhibiting weak nonlinearity, behaves like a linear resonator under weak driving but shows LZSM interference akin to two-level systems. With stronger driving, nonlinear effects alter the interference pattern. We theoretically demonstrate that merging LZSM peaks can lead to dissipative quantum chaos. In the second device, where nonlinearity exceeds photon-loss rates, we observe additional LZSM peaks from Kerr multiphoton resonances. Under Floquet theory, these resonances represent synthetic modes of coupled nonlinear cavities, revealing effective coupling as modulation parameters vary. Our findings advance the understanding of LZSM physics and emphasize the control of nonlinear Floquet states and the emergence of chaos in engineered systems, with significant implications for novel applications in quantum dynamics and quantum control.
Abstract Externally driven quantum systems, operating under sensitive conditions of resonance, constitute an important class of physical platforms in quantum technologies, superconducting resonant architectures, and Josephson-junction-based environments. In this class of systems, an externally imposed electromagnetic driving frequency may influence oscillatory dynamics, coherence, spectral structure, and the frequency-dependent energy distribution. This work proposes an exploratory theoretical framework for interpreting resonance-dependent energy and spectral distributions in externally driven quantum systems, treating the driving frequency not only as an external perturbation but also as an active configuration parameter of the system's response. In the proposed formulation, resonance-sensitive behavior is described through a normalized resonance-response function. The formulation distinguishes between the non-driven reference spectrum and the externally driven effective spectrum, where resonance-dependent level shifts appear as deviations from the non-driven case. Two quantities, denoted by Λ and Δ, are introduced to describe the energy distribution associated with the externally driven response. Within the proposed interpretation, Λ represents the averaged potential and externally driven contribution, while Δ represents a cycle-averaged energy of the driven response. These quantities are not intended to replace the standard Hamiltonian description of quantum systems, but to provide an additional clarifying way to analyze how externally imposed conditions in resonance may reorganize effective energetic and spectral behavior. The proposed approach is relevant to periodically driven quantum systems, Floquet-type spectral descriptions (interpreting frequency-induced modifications), superconducting resonant environments, and Josephson-junction-based systems, while remaining complementary to standard time-dependent quantum and superconducting-circuit formulations. To support the theoretical interpretation, numerical simulations are presented for three representative microwave resonance areas at 6.1, 6.9, and 7.7 GHz. The simulations employ a normalized resonance-response function and include resonance-response profiles, spectral analysis, effective energy spectra, phase-space trajectories, averaged energy-distribution components, and Gaussian probability-density maps. Additional local- and global-sweep methodology relevant to phase-space simulations further illustrate how frequency deviation from resonance and externally imposed frequency variation may reshape the distribution of phase-space activity. The simulated trajectories represent the phase-space evolution of position and momentum coordinates in a driven-oscillator model, rather than literal quantum particle paths. Similarly, the Josephson effect motivated the use of microwave frequency sweeps, since driven Josephson systems exhibit phase-sensitive and resonance-dependent behavior. Therefore, the frequency-sweep simulations should be interpreted as a preparatory resonance-response analysis, rather than as a full Josephson model. The results suggest that resonance-dependent spectral and phase-space distribution may provide useful qualitative insight for frequency-controlled quantum systems, superconducting resonant architectures, and resonance-sensitive or control platforms. This study is intended as an exploratory theoretical and simulation-based contribution, presenting how externally controlled resonance conditions influence phase-space dynamics in driven quantum systems.