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arXiv:1012.1337

Quantum Geometric Tensor (Fubini-Study Metric) in Simple Quantum System: A pedagogical Introduction

Ran Cheng

Published Dec 6, 2010• 21 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Geometric Quantum Mechanics is a novel and prospecting approach motivated by the belief that our world is ultimately geometrical. At the heart of that is a quantity called Quantum Geometric Tensor (or Fubini-Study metric), which is a complex tensor with the real part serving as the Riemannian metric that measures the `quantum distance', and the imaginary part being the Berry curvature. Following a physical introduction of the basic formalism, we illustrate its physical significance in both the adiabatic and non-adiabatic systems.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1012.1337

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Geometric Quantum Mechanics is a novel and prospecting approach motivated by the belief that our world is ultimately geometrical. At the heart of that is a quantity called Quantum Geometric Tensor (or Fubini-Study metric), which is a complex tensor with the real part serving as the Riemannian metric that measures the `quantum distance', and the imaginary part being the Berry curvature. Following a physical introduction of the basic formalism, we illustrate its physical significance in both the adiabatic and non-adiabatic systems.
A series of geometric concepts are formulated for PT\mathcal{PT}PT-symmetric quantum mechanics and they are further unified into one entity, i.e., an extended quantum geometric tensor (QGT). The imaginary part of the extended QGT gives a Berry curvature whereas the real part induces a metric tensor on the system's parameter manifold. This results in a unified conceptual framework to understand and explore physical properties of PT\mathcal{PT}PT-symmetric systems from a geometric perspective. To illustrate the usefulness of the extended QGT, we show how its real part, the metric tensor, can be exploited as a tool to detect quantum phase transitions as well as spontaneous PT\mathcal{PT}PT symmetry breaking in PT\mathcal{PT}PT-symmetric systems.
As a measure of the quantum distance between Bloch states in the Hilbert space, the quantum metric was introduced to solid-state physics through the real part of the so-called geometric Fubini-Study tensor, the imaginary part of which corresponds to the Berry curvature measuring the emergent gauge field in momentum space. Here, we first derive the Ginzburg-Landau theory near the critical superfluid transition temperature and then identify and analyze the geometric effects on the effective mass tensor of the Cooper pairs. By showing that the quantum-metric contribution accounts for a sizable fraction of the pair mass in a surprisingly large parameter regime throughout the BCS--Bose-Einstein condensate crossover, we not only reveal the physical origin of its governing role in the superfluid density tensor but also hint at its plausible roles in many other observables.
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The quantum geometric tensor (QGT) reveals local geometric properties and associated topological information of quantum states. Here a generalization of the QGT to mixed quantum states at finite temperatures based on the Sj\"oqvist distance is developed. The resulting Sj\"oqvist QGT is invariant under gauge transformations of individual spectrum levels of the density matrix. A Pythagorean-like relation connects the distances and gauge transformations, which clarifies the role of the parallel-transport condition. The real part of the QGT naturally decomposes into a sum of the Fisher-Rao metric and Fubini-Study metric, allowing a distinction between different contributions to the quantum distance. The imaginary part of the QGT is proportional to a weighted summation of the Berry curvatures, which leads to a geometric phase for mixed states under certain conditions. We present three examples of different dimensions to illustrate the temperature dependence of the QGT and a discussion on possible implications.
The geometric properties of quantum states are crucial for understanding many physical phenomena in quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, and optics. The central object describing these properties is the quantum geometric tensor, which unifies the Berry curvature and the quantum metric. In this work, we use the differential-geometric framework of vector bundles to analyze the properties of parameter-dependent quantum states and generalize the quantum geometric tensor to this setting. This construction is based on a general connection on a Hermitian vector bundle, which defines a notion of quantum state transport in parameter space, and a sub-bundle projector, which constrains the set of accessible quantum states. We show that the sub-bundle geometry is similar to that of submanifolds in Riemannian geometry and is described by generalized Gauss-Codazzi-Mainardi equations. This leads to a novel definition of the quantum geometric tensor that contains an additional curvature contribution. To illustrate our results, we describe the sub-bundle geometry arising in the semiclassical treatment of Dirac fields propagating in curved spacetime and show how the quantum geometric tensor, with its additional curvature contributions, is obtained in this case. As a concrete example, we consider Dirac fermions confined to a hyperbolic plane and demonstrate how spatial curvature influences the quantum geometry. This work sets the stage for further exploration of quantum systems in curved geometries, with applications in both high-energy physics and condensed matter systems.
The complete quantum metric of a parametrized quantum system has a real part (usually known as the Provost-Vallee metric) and a symplectic imaginary part (known as the Berry curvature). In this paper, we first investigate the relation between the Riemann curvature tensor of the space described by the metric, and the Berry curvature, by explicit parallel transport of a vector in Hilbert space. Subsequently, we write a generating function from which the complex metric, as well as higher-order geometric tensors (affine connection, Riemann curvature tensor), can be obtained in terms of gauge-invariant cumulants. The generating function explicitly relates the quantities which characterize the geometry of the parameter space to quantum fluctuations. We also show that for a mixed quantum-classical system both real and imaginary parts of the quantum metric contribute to the dynamics, if the mass tensor is Hermitian. A many-operator generalization of the uncertainty principle results from taking the determinant of the complex quantum metric. We also calculate the quantum metric for a number of Lie group coherent states, including several representations of the SU(1,1)\text{SU}(1,1)SU(1,1) group. In our examples nontrivial complex geometry results for generalized coherent states. A pair of oscillator states corresponding to the SU(1,1)\text{SU}(1,1)SU(1,1) group gives a double series for its spectrum. The two minimal uncertainty coherent states show trivial geometry, but, again, for generalized coherent states nontrivial geometry results.