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arXiv:1011.4117 · Physical Review A

Information flow, non-Markovianity, and geometric phases

S. L. Wu, X. L. Huang, L. C. Wang, X. X. Yi

Published Nov 15, 2010• 15 citations
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Abstract

Geometric phases and information flows of a two-level system coupled to its environment are calculated and analyzed. The information flow is defined as a cumulant of changes in trace distance between two quantum states, which is similar to the measure for non-Markovianity given by Breuer. We obtain an analytic relation between the geometric phase and the information flow for pure initial states, and a numerical result for mixed initial states. The geometric phase behaves differently depending on whether there are information flows back to the two-level system from its environment.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.82.052111

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Geometric phases and information flows of a two-level system coupled to its environment are calculated and analyzed. The information flow is defined as a cumulant of changes in trace distance between two quantum states, which is similar to the measure for non-Markovianity given by Breuer. We obtain an analytic relation between the geometric phase and the information flow for pure initial states, and a numerical result for mixed initial states. The geometric phase behaves differently depending on whether there are information flows back to the two-level system from its environment.
The exchange of information between an open quantum system and its environment, especially the backflow of information from the environment to the open system associated with quantum notions of non-Markovianity, is a widely discussed topic for years now. This information flow can be quantified by means of the trace distance of pairs of quantum states which provides a measure for the distinguishability of the states. The same idea can also be used to characterize the information flow in classical open systems through a suitable distance measure for their probability distributions on phase space. Here, we investigate the connection between the trace distance based quantum measure and the Kolmogorov distance for differently ordered quasiprobability distributions on phase space. In particular, we show that, for any pair of quantum states, one can find a unique quasiprobability distribution for which the Kolmogorov distance coincides with the trace distance. We further study the quantum-to-classical transition of the distance measures. By employing the Caldeira-Leggett model of quantum Brownian motion as a prototypical example, numerical simulations indicate a particularly rapid convergence of the Kolmogorov distance of the Wigner functions to the trace distance in the classical uncertainty limit, which establishes the Wigner function distance as an optimal tool for measuring semi-classical information backflow and for quantifying non-Markovianity in open continuous variable quantum systems.
Recently, a measure for the non-Markovian behavior of quantum processes in open systems has been developed, which is based on the quantification of the flow of information between the open system and its environment [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 210401 (2009)]. The information flow is connected to the rate of change of the trace distance between quantum states, which can be interpreted in terms of the distinguishability of these states. Here, we elaborate the mathematical details of this theory, present applications to specific physical models, and discuss further theoretical and experimental implications as well as relations to alternative approaches proposed recently.
Exchange of information between a quantum system and its surrounding environment plays a fundamental role in the study of the dynamics of open quantum systems. Here we discuss the role of the information exchange in the non-Markovian behavior of dynamical quantum processes following the decoherence approach, where we consider a quantum system that is initially correlated with its measurement apparatus, which in turn interacts with the environment. We introduce a way of looking at the information exchange between the system and environment using the quantum loss, which is shown to be closely related to the measure of non-Markovianity based on the quantum mutual information. We also extend the results of Fanchini et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 210402 (2014)] in several directions, providing a more detailed investigation of the use of the accessible information for quantifying the backflow of information from the environment to the system. Moreover, we reveal a clear conceptual relation between the entanglement- and mutual-information-based measures of non-Markovianity in terms of the quantum loss and accessible information. We compare different ways of studying the information flow in two theoretical examples. We also present experimental results on the investigation of the quantum loss and accessible information for a two-level system undergoing a zero temperature amplitude damping process. We use an optical approach that allows full access to the state of the environment.
We construct a general measure for the degree of non-Markovian behavior in open quantum systems. This measure is based on the trace distance which quantifies the distinguishability of quantum states. It represents a functional of the dynamical map describing the time evolution of physical states, and can be interpreted in terms of the information flow between the open system and its environment. The measure takes on nonzero values whenever there is a flow of information from the environment back to the open system, which is the key feature of non-Markovian dynamics.
We studied the geometric phase of a two-level atom coupled to an environment with Lorentzian spectral density. The non-Markovian effect on the geometric phase is explored analytically and numerically. In the weak coupling limit, the lowest order correction to the geometric phase is derived analytically and the general case is calculated numerically. It was found that the correction to the geometric phase is significantly large if the spectral width is small, and in this case the non-Markovian dynamics has a significant impact on the geometric phase. When the spectral width increases, the correction to the geometric phase becomes negligible, which shows the robustness of the geometric phase to the environmental white noises. The result is significant to the quantum information processing based on the geometric phase.
In this doctoral thesis we will investigate how one can quantify the information flow in quantum and classical phase space models based on the Breuer-Laine-Piilo measure of quantum non-Markovianity, quantifying memory effects of some open quantum dynamics by the information flow between the open system and its environment. While this mea- sure is defined using the trace distance between density operators on the Hilbert space, in case of continuous variable quantum systems it would be desirable to quantify the infor- mation flow by means of the differently ordered quasi-probability distributions over their quantum phase space. We will show how one can approximate the trace distance by the Kolmogorov distance between Glauber P-functions and Husimi Q-functions and we will prove the existence of some optimal ordering such that the Kolmogorov distance between the respectively ordered quasi-distributions equals the trace distance. The Kolmogorov dis- tance represents in this context a classical analogue to the trace distance and can be used in the spirit of the Breuer-Laine-Piilo measure to quantify information flow in classical phase space models. We hence define the limit of classical uncertainty which presents a quantum- to-classical transition in which the approximation of the trace distance by the Kolmogorov distances of the quasi-probability distributions becomes exact. Employing the example of the Calderia-Leggett model of quantum Brownian motion we present some numerical data which shows that the Kolmogorov distance between the Wigner functions converges espe- cially fast against the trace distance, strongly suggesting that the Wigner function in fact is the optimal ordered quasi-distribution in the limit of classical uncertainty. Additionally, or method can be used to compare the information flow through quantum systems and their classical counterparts. We do so exemplarily for classical and quantum anharmonic chains as used in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou (FPUT) model. We can show, that the infor- mation flow through the quantum and the classical chain is equivalent in case of harmonic coupling between the sites of the chain while significant differences emerge for anharmonic coupling. We can relate this differences to the resolution of the phase space distributions, limited by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation in the quantum case and arbitrary small for the classical chain, and the role of entanglement as genuine quantum correlation type.