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arXiv:1010.0465 · Physical Review A

p -wave optical Feshbach resonances in Yb171

Krittika Goyal, Iris Reichenbach, Ivan Deutsch

Published Dec 8, 2010• 22 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the use of an optical Feshbach resonance to modify the $p$-wave interaction between ultracold polarized $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$ spin-$1/2$ fermions. A laser exciting two colliding atoms to the ${}^{1}{S}_{0}+{}^{3}{P}_{1}$ channel can be detuned near a purely-long-range excited molecular bound state. Such an exotic molecule has an inner turning point far from the chemical binding region, and thus, three-body recombination in the Feshbach resonance will be highly suppressed in contrast to that typically seen in a ground-state $p$-wave magnetic Feshbach resonance. We calculate the excited molecular bound-state spectrum using a multichannel integration of the Schr\"odinger equation, including an external perturbation by a magnetic field. From the multichannel wave functions, we calculate the Feshbach resonance properties, including the modification of the elastic $p$-wave scattering volume and inelastic spontaneous scattering rate. The use of magnetic fields and selection rules for polarized light yields a highly controllable system. We apply this control to propose a toy model for three-color superfluidity in an optical lattice for spin-polarized $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$, where the three colors correspond to the three spatial orbitals of the first excited $p$ band. We calculate the conditions under which tunneling and on-site interactions are comparable, at which point quantum critical behavior is possible.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.82.062704

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We study the use of an optical Feshbach resonance to modify the ppp-wave interaction between ultracold polarized 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb spin-1/21/21/2 fermions. A laser exciting two colliding atoms to the 1S0+3P1{}^{1}{S}_{0}+{}^{3}{P}_{1}1S0​+3P1​ channel can be detuned near a purely-long-range excited molecular bound state. Such an exotic molecule has an inner turning point far from the chemical binding region, and thus, three-body recombination in the Feshbach resonance will be highly suppressed in contrast to that typically seen in a ground-state ppp-wave magnetic Feshbach resonance. We calculate the excited molecular bound-state spectrum using a multichannel integration of the Schr"odinger equation, including an external perturbation by a magnetic field. From the multichannel wave functions, we calculate the Feshbach resonance properties, including the modification of the elastic ppp-wave scattering volume and inelastic spontaneous scattering rate. The use of magnetic fields and selection rules for polarized light yields a highly controllable system. We apply this control to propose a toy model for three-color superfluidity in an optical lattice for spin-polarized 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb, where the three colors correspond to the three spatial orbitals of the first excited ppp band. We calculate the conditions under which tunneling and on-site interactions are comparable, at which point quantum critical behavior is possible.
In a recent experiment by Yamazaki et al. [Phys. Rev. A 87, 010704(R) (2013)], a ppp-wave optical Feshbach resonance in fermionic 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb atoms using purely long-range molecular excited states has been demonstrated. We show theoretically that, if two purely long-range excited states of 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb are coupled to the ground-state continuum of scattering states with two lasers, then it is possible to significantly suppress photoassociative atom loss by a dark resonance in the excited states. We present a general theoretical framework for creating a dark state in an electronically excited molecular potential for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the optical Feshbach resonance. This can be accomplished by properly adjusting the relative intensity, phase, polarizations, and frequency detunings of two lasers. We present selected numerical results for atom-loss spectra and ppp-wave elastic- and inelastic-scattering cross sections of 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb atoms to illustrate the effects of the molecular dark state on the optical Feshbach resonance.
We use laser light near resonant with a molecular bound-to-bound transition to control a magnetic Feshbach resonance in ultracold Fermi gases of 40{}^{40}40K atoms. The spectrum of excited molecular states is measured by applying a laser field that couples the ground Feshbach molecular state to electronically excited molecular states. Nine strong bound-to-bound resonances are observed below the 2P1/2+2S1/2{}^{2}{P}_{1/2}+{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{2}{S}_{1/2}2P1/2​+2S1/2​ threshold. We use radio-frequency spectroscopy to characterize the laser-dressed bound state near a specific bound-to-bound resonance and show clearly the shift of the magnetic Feshbach resonance using light. The demonstrated technology could be used to modify interatomic interactions with high spatial and temporal resolutions in the crossover regime from a Bose-Einstein condensate to a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superfluid.
Nuclear spin exchange occurs in ultracold collisions of fermionic alkaline-earth-metal-like atoms due to a difference between sss- and ppp-wave phase shifts. We study the use of an optical Feshbach resonance, excited on the ${^{1}S}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{^{3}P}_{1}$ intercombination line of 171Yb^{171}\text{Y}\text{b}171Yb, to affect a large modification of the sss-wave scattering phase shift and thereby optically mediate nuclear exchange forces. We perform a full multichannel calculation of the photoassociation resonances and wave functions and from these calculate the real and imaginary parts of the scattering length. As a figure of merit of this interaction, we estimate the fidelity to implement a SWAP\sqrt{\text{SWAP}}SWAP​ entangling quantum logic gate for two atoms trapped in the same well of an optical lattice. For moderate parameters one can achieve a gate fidelity of $\ensuremath{\sim}95%$ in a time of $\ensuremath{\sim}50\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}$.
This thesis reports on the first observation of optical tuning of interactions in an ultracold atomic gas. To control the elastic interactions, we use optically induced scattering resonances. They are realized by coupling pairs of atoms to a bound molecular state with the help of laser light. In comparison to the well-known magnetic Feshbach resonances, these optical Feshbach resonances allow a very fast switching of interactions in a spatially resolved way. This is because laser light can be switched on and off much faster than magnetic fields and because the light intensity can be spatially structured. Our experiments are performed with a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of Rb atoms, which we produce in our new BEC setup. This apparatus has been constructed in the framework of this thesis and offers excellent optical access to the ultracold atom cloud. To investigate the tunability of atomic interactions with single-frequency laser light, we optically couple pairs of free atoms to an electronically excited molecular state. The coupling is achieved with a laser that is tuned close to the respective free-bound photoassociation transition. By changing the laser detuning we are able to adjust the atomic scattering length to any value between 10 a0 and 190 a0, where a0 denotes the Bohr radius. The atomic scattering length is a single quantity that fully describes ultracold elastic interactions. Since laser induced atom losses restrict the duration of our experiments, Bragg spectroscopy is employed as a fast method to measure the scattering length. We also demonstrate that optical Feshbach resonances can be realized with a two-color Raman coupling scheme. To implement this scheme, a second laser is added that couples the excited molecular state to a weakly bound molecular level in a ground state potential. Tuning the second laser results in a modification of the atomic scattering length similar to the one observed with a single laser. In addition, this scheme allows to control the width of the resonance via the detuning of the first laser. For the one-color and two-color coupling schemes, we investigate how the elastic scattering properties depend on the different available parameters, i.e. the laser detunings and intensities. Our experimental findings can successfully be described with an available theoretical model, which treats ultracold collisions in the presence of laser light. Optical Feshbach resonances have the possibility of becoming a valuable tool for fast switching of interactions. This is of special interest in quantum computation schemes with neutral atoms, where interactions between different atomic qubits need to be controlled.
We report on the observation of magnetic Feshbach resonances in a Fermi-Fermi mixture of ultracold atoms with extreme mass imbalance and on their unique p-wave dominated three-body recombination processes.Our system consists of open-shell alkali-metal 6 Li and closed-shell 173 Yb atoms, both spin polarized and held at various temperatures between 1 and 20 μK.We confirm that Feshbach resonances in this system are solely the result of a weak separation-dependent hyperfine coupling between the electronic spin of 6 Li and the nuclear spin of 173 Yb.Our analysis also shows that three-body recombination rates are controlled by the identical fermion nature of the mixture, even in the presence of s-wave collisions between the two species and with recombination rate coefficients outside the Wigner threshold regime at our lowest temperature.Specifically, a comparison of experimental and theoretical line shapes of the recombination process indicates that the characteristic asymmetric line shape as a function of applied magnetic field and a maximum recombination rate coefficient that is independent of temperature can only be explained by triatomic collisions with nonzero, p-wave total orbital angular momentum.The resonances can be used to form ultracold doublet ground-state molecules and to simulate quantum superfluidity in mass-imbalanced mixtures.
We study the three-body problem for three atomic fermions, in the same spin state, experiencing a resonant interaction in the p\mathit{p}p-wave channel via a Feshbach resonance represented by a two-channel model. The rate of inelastic processes due to recombination to deeply bound dimers is then estimated from the three-body solution using a simple prescription. We obtain numerical and analytical predictions for most of the experimentally relevant quantities that can be extracted from the three-body solution: the existence of weakly bound trimers and their lifetime, the low-energy elastic and inelastic scattering properties of an atom on a weakly bound dimer (including the atom-dimer scattering length and scattering volume), and the recombination rates for three colliding atoms towards weakly bound and deeply bound dimers. The effect of ``background'' nonresonant interactions in the open channel of the two-channel model is also calculated and allows one to determine which three-body quantities are ``universal'' and which on the contrary depend on the details of the model.