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arXiv:1009.4491

Ruelle-Lanford functions for quantum spin systems

Yoshiko Ogata, Luc Rey-Bellet

Published Sep 22, 2010• 0 citations
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Abstract

We prove a large deviation principle for the expectation of macroscopic observables in quantum (and classical) Gibbs states. Our proof is based on Ruelle-Lanford functions and direct subadditivity arguments, as in the classical case, instead of relying on Gärtner-Ellis theorem, and cluster expansion or transfer operators as done in the quantum case. In this approach we recover, expand, and unify quantum (and classical) large deviation results for lattice Gibbs states. In the companion paper \cite{OR} we discuss the characterization of rate functions in terms of relative entropies.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1009.4491

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We prove a large deviation principle for the expectation of macroscopic observables in quantum (and classical) Gibbs states. Our proof is based on Ruelle-Lanford functions and direct subadditivity arguments, as in the classical case, instead of relying on Gärtner-Ellis theorem, and cluster expansion or transfer operators as done in the quantum case. In this approach we recover, expand, and unify quantum (and classical) large deviation results for lattice Gibbs states. In the companion paper \cite{OR} we discuss the characterization of rate functions in terms of relative entropies.
This paper is a contribution to the general theory of quantum spin systems. We deal with a general theory in the sense that no concrete interaction shows up but an arbitrary relatively short-range interaction is chosen. It is well known that the mean entropy plays an important role in the thermodynamics of quantum spin systems: it is one of the ingredients of the Lanford–Ruelle–Robinson variational principle. We show that in the background of the existence of the mean entropy, there is an operator convergence which resembles the McMillan theorem from information theory. Asymptotic equipartition property and several entropy densities are investigated, in particular, the relation of the Gibbs condition to relative entropies. Although this paper is not intended to be a review, we try to give an overview of the theory of quantum Gibbs states in the mathematical sense. The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 provides an introduction and further sections contain our new results. Each section is closed with a short discussion on sources and references.
We show the full large deviation principle for KMS-states and C∗C^*C∗-finitely correlated states on a quantum spin chain. We cover general local observables. Our main tool is Ruelle's transfer operator method.
We reconsider the quantum analogue of Varadhans Theorem proved by Petz, Raggio and Verbeure. They proved this theorem using standard techniques in quantum statistical mechanics of lattice systems to arrive at a variational formula over states on an operator algebra, which can subsequently be reduced to a variational formula in terms of a single real variable. In this paper a new proof is given using a quantum version of the large deviation analysis together with the Trotter product formula. The proof is subsequently extended to the general case of q non-commuting variables resulting in a variational formula for general mean-field quantum spin systems as first derived by Raggio and Werner.
The fluctuations of macroscopic observables in quantum systems which are in a nonequilibrium steady state are studied rigorously in the thermodynamic limit. In particular, the nonequilibrium steady state (NESS) of a quantum spin system that is composed of two infinite reservoirs at different temperatures coupled in a bounded region is considered. Under suitable assumptions on the interaction and the asymptotics of the fluctuations, a nonequilibrium central limit theorem for the fluctuations of the NESS expectation value of the empirical average of observables is proven by showing the analyticity of the corresponding moment generating function in a neighbourhood of the origin using the cluster expansion method. Furthermore, the large deviation principle is proven for a class of observables by establishing the existence and differentiability of the corresponding moment generating function.
After a historical introduction, the most important classical and quantum entropies are introduced as constructions in classical and quantum probability theory. Classical entropies are studied from large deviation theory, including theorems of Sanov, Cramér, Gärtner-Ellis, and Varadhan, and are illustrated in some applications to both Boltzmannian and Gibbsian statistical physics. Quantum entropies superficially connect to classical entropies at the formula level, but more deeply do so via the crucial role of entropy in statistical hypothesis testing. The classical (relative) Kullback-Leibler entropy, its quantum counterpart introduced by Umegaki, as well as their deformations proposed by Renyi all fit naturally in this context. Quantum entropy faces the new problem of defining and computing the relative entropy of a pair of states on a subsystem, here formalized as a von Neumann algebra. This requires modular (aka Tomita-Takesaki) theory, which provides the framework for the relative quantum entropies introduced by Araki and Uhlmann (these encompass both the Kullback-Leibler and Umegaki entropies as special cases). To (re)define and compute these entropies in terms of density operators and traces, further constructions are needed, namely Haagerup's noncommutative L^p spaces. Von Neumann algebras also provide the setting for the Connes-Stormer-Narnhofer-Thirring entropy, which is a quantum version of the Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy in dynamical systems and ergodic theory, to which we also provide an introduction. This course was originally inspired by, and should be relevant to, black hole thermodynamics, although we discuss neither this application nor the second law. The course tries to be both mathematically rigorous and interesting to theoretical physicists. Prerequisites are undergraduate probability theory, functional analysis, and quantum theory.
The two criteria of ensemble equivalence, i.e., macrostate equivalence and measure equivalence, are investigated for a general pair of states. Macrostate equivalence implies the two ensembles are indistinguishable by the measurement of macroscopic quantities obeying the large-deviation principle, and measure equivalence means that the specific relative entropy of these two states vanishes in the thermodynamic limit. It is shown that measure equivalence implies a macrostate equivalence for a general pair of states by deriving an inequality connecting the large-deviation rate functions to the specific relative Renyi entropies. The result is applicable to both quantum and classical systems. As applications, a sufficient condition for thermalization, the time scale of quantum dynamics of macrovariables, and the second law with strict irreversibility in a quantum quench are discussed.