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arXiv:1009.0408 · Symmetry Integrability and Geometry Methods and Applications

Coordinate Bethe Ansatz for Spin s XXX Model

Nicolas Crampé

Published Jan 12, 2011• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We compute the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the periodic integrable spin s XXX model using the coordinate Bethe ansatz.To do so, we compute explicitly the Hamiltonian of the model.These results generalize what has been obtained for spin 1 2 and spin 1 chains.
DOI
10.3842/sigma.2011.006

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Abstract We give a pedagogical introduction to the Bethe ansatz techniques in integrable QFTs and spin chains. We first discuss and motivate the general framework of asymptotic Bethe ansatz for the spectrum of integrable QFTs in large volume, based on the exact S -matrix. Then we illustrate this method in several concrete theories. The first case we study is the SU (2) chiral Gross–Neveu model. We derive the Bethe equations via algebraic Bethe ansatz, solving in the process the Heisenberg XXX spin chain. We discuss this famous spin chain model in some detail, covering in particular the coordinate Bethe ansatz, some properties of Bethe states, and the classical scaling limit leading to finite-gap equations. Then we proceed to the more involved SU (3) chiral Gross–Neveu model and derive the Bethe equations using nested algebraic Bethe ansatz to solve the arising SU (3) spin chain. Finally we show how a method similar to the Bethe ansatz works in a completely different setting, namely for the 1D oscillator in quantum mechanics.
Bethe ansatz goes back to 1931, when H. Bethe invented it to solve some one-dimensional models, such as XXX spin chain, proposed by W. Heisenberg in 1928. Although it is a very powerful method to compute eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the corresponding Hamiltonian, it can be applied only for very specific boundary conditions: periodic boundary ones, and so-called open-diagonal boundary ones. After reviewing this method, we will present a generalization of it that applies also to open-triangular boundary conditions. This short note presents only the basic ideas of the technique, and does not attend to give a general overview of the subject. Interested readers should refer to the original papers and references therein.
We examine the question of whether Bethe's ansatz reproduces all states in the periodic Heisenberg XXZ and XXX spin chains. As was known to Bethe himself, there are states for which the Bethe momenta knk_nkn​ diverge: these are in fact the simplest examples of ``string'' solutions. The coefficients of the Bethe wavefunction, too, diverge. When there are only two down spins in the system (the case considered by Bethe), we can renormalize these coefficients to get a sensible (and correct) wavefunction. We show that this is not always possible when there are more than two down spins. The Bethe equations have several such divergent solutions, and some of these correspond to genuine eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian, but several do not. Nor do they reproduce the correct energy eigenvalues. Moreover, we point out that the algebraic Bethe ansatz, an alternative way to construct the wavefunctions proposed by Faddeev, Takhtajan et al., leads to vanishing wavefunctions for all these solutions. Thus, the Bethe ansatz solution of the Heisenberg model must be regarded as either incomplete, or inaccurate.