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arXiv:1008.1240 · Physical Review Letters

Deep Strong Coupling Regime of the Jaynes-Cummings Model

Jorge Casanova, Guillermo Romero, Ion Lizuain, Juan José García‐Ripoll, E. Solano

Published Dec 20, 2010• 535 citations
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Abstract

We study the quantum dynamics of a two-level system interacting with a quantized harmonic oscillator in the deep strong coupling regime (DSC) of the Jaynes-Cummings model, that is, when the coupling strength g is comparable or larger than the oscillator frequency ω (g/ω≳1). In this case, the rotating-wave approximation cannot be applied or treated perturbatively in general. We propose an intuitive and predictive physical frame to describe the DSC regime where photon number wave packets bounce back and forth along parity chains of the Hilbert space, while producing collapse and revivals of the initial population. We exemplify our physical frame with numerical and analytical considerations in the qubit population, photon statistics, and Wigner phase space.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.105.263603

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We study the quantum dynamics of a two-level system interacting with a quantized harmonic oscillator in the deep strong coupling regime (DSC) of the Jaynes-Cummings model, that is, when the coupling strength g is comparable or larger than the oscillator frequency ω (g/ω≳1). In this case, the rotating-wave approximation cannot be applied or treated perturbatively in general. We propose an intuitive and predictive physical frame to describe the DSC regime where photon number wave packets bounce back and forth along parity chains of the Hilbert space, while producing collapse and revivals of the initial population. We exemplify our physical frame with numerical and analytical considerations in the qubit population, photon statistics, and Wigner phase space.
The effects of counter-rotating terms (CRTs) on Rabi splitting and the dynamic evolution of atomic population in the Jaynes—Cummings model are studied with a coherent-state approach. When the coupling strength increases, the Rabi splitting becomes of multi-Rabi frequencies for the initial state of an excited atom in a vacuum field, and the collapses and revivals gradually disappear, and then reappear with quite good periodicity. Without the rotating-wave approximation (RWA), the initial excited state contains many eigenstates rather than two eigenstates under the RWA, which results in the multi-peak emission spectrum. An analytical approximate solution for the strong coupling regime is obtained, which gives a new oscillation frequency and explains the recovery of collapses and revivals due to the equal energy spacing.
We study two dispersive regimes of the Dicke model in the dynamics of N two-level atoms interacting with a bosonic mode for long interaction times. Firstly, we analyze the model for the regime in which the qubit frequencies are equal and smaller than the mode frequency, and for values of the coupling strength similar or larger than the mode frequency, namely, the deep strong coupling regime. Secondly, we address an interaction that is dependent on the photon number, where the coupling strength is comparable to the geometric mean of the qubit and mode frequencies. We show that the associated dynamics is analytically tractable and provide useful frameworks with which to analyze the system behavior. In the deep strong coupling regime, we unveil the structure of unexpected resonances for specific values of the coupling, present for N ≥ 2, and in the photon-number-dependent regime we demonstrate that all the nontrivial dynamical behavior occurs in the atomic degrees of freedom for a given Fock state. We verify these assertions with numerical simulations of the qubit population and photon-statistic dynamics.
A classical realization of the Jaynes-Cummings (JC) model, describing the interaction of a two-level atom with a quantized cavity mode, is proposed based on light transport in engineered waveguide superlattices. The optical setting enables us to visualize in Fock space dynamical regimes not yet accessible in quantum systems, providing new physical insights into the deep strong coupling regime of the JC model. In particular, bouncing of photon number wave packets in Hilbert space and revivals of populations are explained as generalized Bloch oscillations in an inhomogeneous tight-binding lattice.
The Tavis-Cummings model for more than one qubit interacting with a common oscillator mode is extended beyond the rotating wave approximation (RWA). We explore the parameter regime in which the frequencies of the qubits are much smaller than the oscillator frequency and the coupling strength is allowed to be ultrastrong. The application of the adiabatic approximation introduced by Irish et al. [Phys. Rev. B 72, 195410 (2005)] for a single-qubit system is extended to the multiqubit case. For a two-qubit system, we identify three-state manifolds of close-lying dressed energy levels and obtain results for the dynamics of intramanifold transitions that are incompatible with results from the familiar regime of the RWA. We exhibit features of two-qubit dynamics that are different from the single-qubit case, including calculations of qubit-qubit entanglement. Both number state and coherent state preparations are considered, and we derive analytical formulas that simplify the interpretation of numerical calculations. Expressions for individual collapse and revival signals of both population and entanglement are derived.
We present the analytical solution of the Tavis-Cummings (TC) model for more than one qubit inhomogeneously coupled to a single mode radiation field beyond the rotating-wave approximation (RWA). The significant advantage of the displaced oscillator basis enables us to apply the same truncation techniques adopted in the single qubit Jaynes-Cummings (JC) model to the multiple qubits system. The derived analytical spectrum match perfectly the exact diagonalization numerical solutions of the inhomogeneous TC model in the parameter regime where the qubits transition frequencies are far off-resonance with the field frequency and the interaction strengths reach the ultra-strong coupling regime. The two-qubit TC model is quasi-exactly solvable because part of the spectra can be determined exactly in the homogeneous coupling case with two identical qubits or with symmetric(asymmetric) detuning. By means of the fidelity of quantum states we identify several nontrivial level crossing points in the same parity subspace, which implies that homogeneous coupled two-qubit TC model with ω1=ω2ω_1=ω_2ω1​=ω2​ or ω1±ω2=2ωcω_1\pmω_2=2ω_cω1​±ω2​=2ωc​ is integrable. We further explore the time evolution of the qubit's population inversion and the entanglement behavior taking two qubits as an example. The analytical methods provide unexpectedly accurate results in describing the dynamics of the qubit in the present experimentally accessible coupling regime, showing that the collapse-revival phenomena emerge, survive, and are finally destroyed when the coupling strength increases beyond the ultra-strong coupling regime. The suggested procedure applies readily to the multiple qubits system such as the GHZ state entanglement evolution and quantum entanglement between a single photon and superconducting qubits of particular experiment interest.
We examine a two-level system coupled to a quantum oscillator, typically representing experiments in cavity and circuit quantum electrodynamics. We show how such a system can be treated analytically in the ultrastrong coupling limit, where the ratio $g/\ensuremath{\Omega}$ between coupling strength and oscillator frequency approaches unity and goes beyond. In this regime the Jaynes-Cummings model is known to fail because counter-rotating terms have to be taken into account. By using Van Vleck perturbation theory to higher orders in the qubit tunneling matrix element $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ we are able to enlarge the regime of applicability of existing analytical treatments, including, in particular, also the finite-bias case. We present a detailed discussion on the energy spectrum of the system and on the dynamics of the qubit for an oscillator at low temperature. We consider the coupling strength ggg to all orders, and the validity of our approach is even enhanced in the ultrastrong coupling regime. Looking at the Fourier spectrum of the population difference, we find that many frequencies contribute to the dynamics. They are gathered into groups whose spacing depends on the qubit-oscillator detuning. Furthermore, the dynamics is not governed anymore by a vacuum Rabi splitting which scales linearly with ggg, but by a nontrivial dressing of the tunneling matrix element, which can be used to suppress specific frequencies through a variation of the coupling.