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arXiv:1006.4727 · Physical Review A

Quantifying quantum discord and entanglement of formation via unified purifications

Li-Xiang Cen, Xin-Qi Li, Jiushu Shao, YiJing Yan

Published May 17, 2011• 55 citations
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Abstract

We propose a scheme to evaluate the amount of quantum discord and entanglement of formation for mixed states and reveal their ordering relation via an intrinsic relationship between the two quantities distributed in the purification of different states. This approach enables us to achieve analytical expressions of the two measures for some quantum states, such as an arbitrary two-qubit density matrix reduced from pure three-qubit states and a class of rank-$2$ mixed states of $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ systems. Moreover, we apply the scheme to characterize fully the dynamic behavior of quantum correlations for the specified physical systems under decoherence.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.83.054101

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We propose a scheme to evaluate the amount of quantum discord and entanglement of formation for mixed states and reveal their ordering relation via an intrinsic relationship between the two quantities distributed in the purification of different states. This approach enables us to achieve analytical expressions of the two measures for some quantum states, such as an arbitrary two-qubit density matrix reduced from pure three-qubit states and a class of rank-222 mixed states of 4\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi24\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}24\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi2 systems. Moreover, we apply the scheme to characterize fully the dynamic behavior of quantum correlations for the specified physical systems under decoherence.
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Quantum correlations characterized by quantum entanglement and quantum discord play important roles in many quantum information processing. We study the relations among the entanglement of formation, concurrence, tangle, linear entropy-based classical correlation and von Neumann entropy-based classical correlation . We present analytical formulae of linear entropy-based classical correlation for arbitrary d⊗2d\otimes 2d⊗2 quantum states and von Neumann entropy-based classical correlation for arbitrary 2⊗22\otimes 22⊗2 rank-2 quantum states. From the von Neumann entropy-based classical correlation, we derive an explicit formula of quantum discord for arbitrary rank-2 two-qubit quantum states.
Quantum correlations play vital roles in the quantum features in quantum information processing tasks. Among the measures of quantum correlations, quantum discord (QD) and entanglement of formation (EOF) are two significant ones. Recent research has shown that there exists a relation between QD and EOF, which makes QD more significant in quantum information theory. However, until now, there exists no general method of characterizing quantum discord in high-dimensional quantum systems. In this paper, we have proposed a general method for calculating quantum discord in arbitrary-dimensional bipartite quantum systems in terms of Hurwitz's theory. Applications including the Werner state, the spin-1 XXZ model thermal equilibrium state, the Horodecki state, and the separable-bound-free entanglement state are investigated. We present the method of obtaining the EOF of arbitrary-dimensional bipartite quantum states via purification, and the relationship between QD and EOF.
Measurements of quantum systems disturb their states. To quantify this nonclassical characteristic, Zurek and Ollivier [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 017901 (2001)] introduced the quantum discord, a quantum correlation that can be nonzero even when entanglement in the system is zero. Discord has aroused great interest as a resource that is more robust against the effects of decoherence and offers the exponential speed-up of certain computational algorithms. Here, we study general two-level bipartite systems and give general results on the relationship between discord, entanglement, and linear entropy. We also identify the states for which discord takes a maximal value for a given entropy or entanglement, thus placing strong bounds on entanglement-discord and entropy-discord relations. We find out that although discord and entanglement are identical for pure states, they differ when generalized to mixed states as a result of the difference in the method of generalization.
Measurements of Quantum Systems disturb their states. To quantify this non-classical characteristic, Zurek and Ollivier introduced the quantum discord, a quantum correlation which can be nonzero even when entanglement in the system is zero. Discord has aroused great interest as a resource that is more robust against the effects of decoherence and offers exponential speed up of certain computational algorithms. Here, we study general two-level bipartite systems and give general results on the relationship between discord, entanglement, and linear entropy, and identify the states for which discord takes a maximal value for a given entropy or entanglement, thus placing strong bounds on entanglement-discord and entropy-discord relations. We find out that although discord and entanglement are identical for pure states, they differ when generalized to mixed states as a result of the difference in the method of generalization.
We study the relative strength of classical and quantum correlations, as measured by discord, for two-qubit states. Quantum correlations appear only in the presence of classical correlations, while the reverse is not always true. We identify the family of states that maximize the discord for a given value of the classical correlations and show that the largest attainable discord for mixed states is greater than for pure states. The difference between discord and entanglement is emphasized by the remarkable fact that these states do not maximize entanglement and are, in some cases, even separable. Finally, by random generation of density matrices uniformly distributed over the whole Hilbert space, we quantify the frequency of the appearance of quantum and classical correlations for different ranks.