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arXiv:1006.3233 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Ansu(1, 1) algebraic approach for the relativistic Kepler–Coulomb problem

M. Salazar–Ramírez, Daniel Martínez, R. D. Mota, V. D. Granados

Published Oct 11, 2010• 11 citations
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Abstract

We apply the Schrödinger factorization method to the radial second-order equation for the relativistic Kepler-Coulomb problem. From these operators we construct two sets of one-variable radial operators which are realizations for the $su(1,1)$ Lie algebra. We use this algebraic structure to obtain the energy spectrum and the supersymmetric ground state for this system.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/43/44/445203

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We apply the Schrödinger factorization method to the radial second-order equation for the relativistic Kepler-Coulomb problem. From these operators we construct two sets of one-variable radial operators which are realizations for the su(1,1)su(1,1)su(1,1) Lie algebra. We use this algebraic structure to obtain the energy spectrum and the supersymmetric ground state for this system.
We study the radial part of the Dunkl–Coulomb problem in two dimensions and show that this problem possesses the SU(1,[Formula: see text]1) symmetry. We introduce two different realizations of the su(1,[Formula: see text]1) Lie algebra and use the theory of irreducible representations to obtain the energy spectrum and eigenfunctions. For the first algebra realization, we apply the Schrödinger factorization to the radial part of the Dunkl–Coulomb problem to construct the algebra generators. In the second realization, we introduce three operators, one of them proportional to the Hamiltonian of the radial Schrödinger equation. Finally, we use the SU(1,[Formula: see text]1) Sturmian basis to construct the radial coherent states in a closed form.
The Morse oscillator, radial Coulomb and radial harmonic oscillator problems can be solved exactly using a variety of algebraic methods. These problems correspond to different realizations of the so(2,1) algebra and a comparison of the generators of the algebra may be used to identify mappings between each pair of systems. The resultant transition operators act as ladder, or energy changing, operators in the cases of the Coulomb and harmonic oscillator potentials, whereas they act as shift operators, acting at constant energy, in the case of the Morse potential. This is a consequence of the so(2,1) dynamical symmetry, whereby the Morse Hamiltonian is expressible solely in terms of the Casimir operator of the algebra. An alternative algebraic approach, the use of the method of supersymmetric quantum mechanics, or factorization, produces in each case a set of shift operators. Relations between the various ladder and shift operators may be identified by means of the appropriate mappings, and these results can be generalized so as to relate the one dimensional Morse oscillator to the radial Coulomb and radial harmonic oscillator potentials involving an arbitrary number of angular dimensions.
A novel realization of the classical SU(2) algebra is introduced for the Dirac relativistic hydrogen atom defining a set of operators that allow the factorization of the problem. An extra phase is needed as a new variable in order to define the algebra. We take advantage of the operators to solve the Dirac equation using algebraic methods. A similar path to the one used in the angular momentum case is used; hence, the radial eigenfunctions so calculated comprise nonunitary representations of the algebra. One of the interesting properties of such nonunitary representations is that they are not labeled by integer nor by half-integer numbers, as occurs in the usual angular momentum representation.
During recent years, exact solutions of position-dependent mass Schrödinger equations have inspired intense research activities, based on the use of point canonical transformations, Lie algebraic methods or supersymmetric quantum mechanical techniques. Here we highlight the interest of another approach to such problems, relying on quadratic algebras. We illustrate this point by constructing spectrum generating algebras for a class of d -dimensional radial harmonic oscillators with d ≥ 2 (including the one-dimensional oscillator on the line via some minor changes) and a specific mass choice. This provides us with a counterpart of the well-known su(1, 1) Lie algebraic approach to the constant-mass oscillators.
With the use of a simple similarity transformation which brings the radial wave equations of the Dirac-Coulomb problem into a form nearly identical to those of the Schr\"odinger and Klein-Gordon equations, we derive simplified solutions to the Dirac-Coulomb equation for both the bound and continuum states following the familiar standard procedure adopted in the derivation of the conventional solutions. We show that to obtain the desired form of the second-order radial equations we can still work with a first-order partial differential equation rather than with the second-order Dirac equation widely employed in the derivation of the simplified solutions, and thus we can avoid the task of reducing the solutions of the second-order equations to those of the original Dirac equation. The transformed Dirac-Coulomb radial equations are so simple that one can apply the WKB method to them in the same way that one applies the WKB approximation to the Schr\"odinger radial equation, without making the further approximations commonly invoked, and the Sommerfeld-Dirac discrete spectrum follows immediately. For small Z\ensuremath{\alpha}, we also present approximate expressions for both the transformed and the original Dirac-Coulomb wave functions, which are valid for all energies and certainly valid in the quasirelativistic approximation which takes account of relativistic effects. The structure of these approximate expressions also suggests one of the methods to obtain relativistic approximate wave functions from the Pauli-spinor wave function for more general central potentials arising in atoms, molecules, and solids.