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arXiv:1006.2818 · Physical Review B

Quasiparticle scattering from vortices in d -wave superconductors. I. Superflow contribution

Manas Kulkarni, Sriram Ganeshan, Adam C. Durst

Published Aug 9, 2011• 3 citations

Abstract

In the vortex state of a $d$-wave superconductor, massless Dirac quasiparticles are scattered from magnetic vortices via a combination of two basic mechanisms: effective potential scattering due to the superflow swirling about the vortices, and Aharonov-Bohm scattering due to the Berry phase acquired by a quasiparticle upon circling a vortex. In this paper, we study the superflow contribution by calculating the differential cross section for a quasiparticle scattering from the effective noncentral potential of a single vortex. We solve the massless Dirac equation in polar coordinates and obtain the cross section via a partial wave analysis. We also present a more transparent Born-limit calculation, and in this approximation we provide an analytic expression for the differential cross section. The Berry phase contribution to the quasiparticle scattering is considered in a separate paper.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.84.064502

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In the vortex state of a

d

-wave superconductor, massless Dirac quasiparticles are scattered from magnetic vortices via a combination of two basic mechanisms: effective potential scattering due to the superflow swirling about the vortices, and Aharonov-Bohm scattering due to the Berry phase acquired by a quasiparticle upon circling a vortex. In this paper, we study the superflow contribution by calculating the differential cross section for a quasiparticle scattering from the effective noncentral potential of a single vortex. We solve the massless Dirac equation in polar coordinates and obtain the cross section via a partial wave analysis. We also present a more transparent Born-limit calculation, and in this approximation we provide an analytic expression for the differential cross section. The Berry phase contribution to the quasiparticle scattering is considered in a separate paper.

A partial wave analysis using the basis of the total angular momentum operator

{J}_{3}

is carried out for the first order Born amplitude of a Dirac particle in an Aharonov-Bohm potential. It is demonstrated that the s partial wave contributes to the scattering amplitude in contrast with the case with scalar nonrelativistic particles. We suggest that this explains the fact that the first order Born amplitude of a Dirac particle coincides with the exact amplitude expanded to the same order, where it does not for a scalar particle. An interesting algebra involving the Dirac velocity operator and the angular observables is discovered and its consequences are exploited.

The Aharonov-Bohm scattering of relativistic spin-

1∕2

particles with an anomalous magnetic moment are studied. The scattering cross sections for unpolarized and polarized particles are obtained by solving the Dirac-Pauli equation. It is somewhat unexpected that the results are in general the same as those for particles without an anomalous magnetic moment. However, when the incident energy takes some special values, the cross section for polarized particles is dramatically changed. In these cases the helicity of scattered particles is not conserved. In particular, the helicity of particles scattered in the backward direction is all reversed. In the nonrelativistic limit, a very simple relation between the polarized directions of the incident and scattered particles is found, for both general and special incident energies. For particles without an anomalous magnetic moment this relation can be drawn from previous results but it appears to be unnoticed.

The inelastic scattering rates of quasiparticles in a two-dimensional d-wave superconductor, which arise from interactions with either acoustic phonons or other quasiparticles, are calculated within second order perturbation theory. We discover a strong enhancement of scattering with collinear momenta, brought about by the special kinematics of the two-dimensional fermions with Dirac-like spectrum near the nodes of the d-wave order parameter. In the case of a local instantaneous interparticle potential we find that either an RPA-type resummation of the perturbation series or an inclusion of non-linear corrections to the Dirac spectrum is called for in order to obtain a finite scattering rate in the limit ω/T→0. In either way, we find drastic changes in the scattering rate, as compared to the naively expected cubic temperature dependence.

The scattering of single-particle excitatins by a vortex in the condensate of an imperfect Bose gas is studied using the Bogoliubov approximation. The

S

matrix is calculated as in conventional scattering theory, and the phase shifts are determined with the Schwinger variational principle. The differential cross section in the long-wavelength limit is found to be $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\chi}}=\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\pi}{(\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{\mathrm{mc}})}^{2}k{cot}^{2}(\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\chi})$, where

m

is the mass of one atom and

c

is the speed of sound. This cross section agrees precisely with that found previously for scattering of sound by a classical vortex with circulation

\frac{h}{m}

.

Quantum-mechanical scattering of nonrelativistic charged particles by a magnetic vortex of nonzero transverse size is considered. The high-frequency limit of a scattered particle corresponds to the quasiclassical limit, and we show that the scattering Aharonov-Bohm effect persists in the quasiclassical limit owing to the Fraunhofer diffraction in the forward direction. Therefore, the flux of a magnetic vortex serves as a gate for the propagation of quasiclassical particles moving orthogonally to the vortex. The issue of the experimental detection of the Fraunhofer diffraction peak and the scattering Aharonov-Bohm effect is discussed.