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arXiv:1005.3372 · Physical Review Letters

Submicron Spatial Modulation of an Interatomic Interaction in a Bose-Einstein Condensate

Rekishu Yamazaki, Shintaro Taie, Seiji Sugawa, Yoshiro Takahashi

Published Jul 30, 2010• 204 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate submicron spatial control of interatomic interactions in a Bose-Einstein condensate of ytterbium (Yb). A pulsed optical standing wave, tuned near an optical Feshbach resonance, varies the s-wave scattering length continuously across the standing wave pattern. The modulated mean-field energy with a spatial period every 278 nm is monitored by a diffraction pattern in a time-of-flight image. We observe a wide scattering length control of up to 250 nm. The demonstrated spatial modulation of the scattering length proves that high resolution control of atomic interactions is possible.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.105.050405

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We demonstrate submicron spatial control of interatomic interactions in a Bose-Einstein condensate of ytterbium (Yb). A pulsed optical standing wave, tuned near an optical Feshbach resonance, varies the s-wave scattering length continuously across the standing wave pattern. The modulated mean-field energy with a spatial period every 278 nm is monitored by a diffraction pattern in a time-of-flight image. We observe a wide scattering length control of up to 250 nm. The demonstrated spatial modulation of the scattering length proves that high resolution control of atomic interactions is possible.
We investigate the effect of the position-dependent sss-wave scattering length (SSL) on Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) dynamics. In particular, we study the propagation of a BEC within a finite regime where the SSL, tuned by a periodic magnetic or optical field, results in the Bragg scattering of the BEC. We have predicted a matter-wave optical limiting process and bistability, which have potential applications like a matter wave limiter, a BEC mirror or cavity, and an atomic switch. The first phenomenon is a direct result of this periodic spatial tuning, showing that the position-dependent tuning of the SSL has the potential to result in novel properties of ultracold atomic gases.
We briefly review our recent work on spatial tuning of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC). We first study spatially periodic tuning of the s-wave scattering length for controlling the propagation of a BEC matter wave, and find matter wave limiting processing and bistability. Second, we show that a stable BEC with natural attractive interaction could be formed by tuning the s -wave scattering length with a Gaussian optical field, but the condensed atom number should be less than a critical value. Further, we apply Thomas-Fermi approximation to obtain a formula for this critical value.
The spatial structure of a Bose-Einstein condensate loaded into an optical lattice potential is investigated, and spatially chaotic distributions of the condensates are revealed. By means of changing of the s-wave scattering length with a Feshbach resonance, the chaotic behavior can be well controlled to enter into periodicity. Numerical simulation shows that there are different periodic orbits according to different s-wave scattering lengths only if the maximal Lyapunov exponent of the system is negative.
We study theoretically the superfluidity and stability of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) whose interatomic scattering length is periodically modulated with optical Feshbach resonance. Our numerical study finds that the properties of this periodic BEC are strongly influenced by the modulation strength. When the modulation strength is small, only the Bloch waves close to the Brillouin zone edge suffer both Landau and dynamical instabilities. When the modulation strength is strong enough, all Bloch waves become dynamically unstable. In other words, the periodic BEC loses its superfluidity completely.
We demonstrate the operation of an atom interferometer based on a weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate. We strongly reduce the interaction induced decoherence that usually limits interferometers based on trapped condensates by tuning the s-wave scattering length almost to zero via a magnetic Feshbach resonance. We employ a 39K condensate trapped in an optical lattice, where Bloch oscillations are forced by gravity. The fine-tuning of the scattering length down to 0.1 a_(0) and the micrometric sizes of the atomic sample make our system a very promising candidate for measuring forces with high spatial resolution. Our technique can be in principle extended to other measurement schemes opening new possibilities in the field of trapped atom interferometry.