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arXiv:1005.0569 · Physical Review Letters

Position Measurements Obeying Momentum Conservation

Paul Busch, Leon Loveridge

Published Mar 18, 2011• 32 citations
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Abstract

We present a hitherto unknown fundamental limitation to a basic measurement: that of the position of a quantum object when the total momentum of the object and apparatus is conserved. This result extends the famous Wigner-Araki-Yanase theorem, and shows that accurate position measurements are only practically feasible if there is a large momentum uncertainty in the apparatus.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.106.110406

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We present a hitherto unknown fundamental limitation to a basic measurement: that of the position of a quantum object when the total momentum of the object and apparatus is conserved. This result extends the famous Wigner-Araki-Yanase theorem, and shows that accurate position measurements are only practically feasible if there is a large momentum uncertainty in the apparatus.
According to a new extension to an old theory, a particle's position cannot be measured precisely even if its momentum is not measured simultaneously.By Charles Day H eisenberg's uncertainty principle limits the precision with which two observables that do not commute with each other can be simultaneously measured.The Wigner-Araki-Yanase (WAY) theorem goes further.If observables A and B do not commute, and if observable A is conserved, observable B cannot be measured with arbitrary precision even if A is not measured at all.In its original 1960 formulation, the WAY theorem applied only to observables, such as spin, whose possible values are discrete and bounded.Now Yui Kuramochi of Kyushu University and Hiroyasu Tajima of the University of Electro-Communications-both in Japan-have proven that the WAY theorem also encompasses observables, such as position, that are continuous and unbounded [1].Besides resolving the decades-long problem of how to deal with such observables, the extension will likely find practical applications in quantum optics.The difficulty of extending the WAY theorem arose from how an
The Wigner-Araki-Yanase (WAY) theorem states a remarkable limitation to quantum mechanical measurements in the presence of additive conserved quantities. Discovered by Wigner in 1952, this limitation is known to induce constraints on the control of individual quantum systems in the context of information processing. It is therefore important to understand the precise conditions and scope of the WAY theorem. Here we elucidate its crucial assumptions, briefly review some generalizations, and show how a particular extension can already be obtained by a simple modification of the original proofs. We also describe the evolution of the WAY theorem from a strict no-go verdict for certain, highly idealized, precise measurements into a quantitative constraint on the accuracy and approximate repeatability of imprecise measurements.
The quantum mechanical uncertainty principle for position and momentum plays an important role in many treatments on the (philosophical, physical and other) implications of quantum mechanics. Roughly speaking, the more precisely the momentum (position) of a (quantum mechanical) object is given, the less precisely can one say what its position (momentum) is. This quantum mechanical measurement problem is not just an interpretational difficulty, it raises broader issues as well. The measurement (of a property) of a (quantum mechanical) object determines the existence of the measured. In brief, the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle challenges some fundamental principles of Science and especially the principle of causality. In particular, an independently existing (external) objective reality is denied. As we shall see, that the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle for position and momentum is based on the assumption that 1⩽0, which is a logical contradiction.
The quantum mechanical uncertainty principle for position and momentum plays an important role in many treatments on the (philosophical, physical and other) implications of quantum mechanics. Roughly speaking, the more precisely the momentum (position) of a (quantum mechanical) object is given, the less precisely can one say what its position (momentum) is. This quantum mechanical measurement problem is not just an interpretational difficulty, it raises broader issues as well. The measurement (of a property) of a (quantum mechanical) object determines the existence of the measured. In brief, the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle challenges some fundamental principles of Science and especially the principle of causality. In particular, an independently existing (external) objective reality is denied. As we shall see, that the quantum mechanical uncertainty principle for position and momentum is based on the assumption that 1⩽0, which is a logical contradiction.
This thesis concerns how symmetries impinge on quantum mechanical measurements, and preclude certain self adjoint operators from representing observable quantities. After developing the requisite mathematical machinery and aspects of quantum measurement theory necessary for our analysis, we proceed to critically review the literature surrounding the remarkable theorem of Wigner, Araki and Yanase (WAY) that prohibits accurate and repeatable measurements of any observable not commuting with an additive conserved quantity, as well as discussing the conditions under which approximate measurements with approximate degrees of repeatability can be achieved. We strengthen the original statement of the WAY theorem and generalise it to the case of position measurements obeying momentum conservation, leading to a solution of a long-standing problem of Stein and Shimony. A superselection rule appearing as the existence of an observable which commutes with all others gives rise to a stronger restriction than the WAY theorem, yielding self adjoint operators which do not represent observable quantities. We analyse various perspectives on superselection rules, aiming to clarify different viewpoints appearing in the literature since the inception of the topic in 1952. We exploit an explicit description of relative phase observables which have been lacking in other contributions, delineating conditions under which relative and (prohibited) absolute phases become statistically close. By providing simple models we are able to mimic a number of attempts to overcome superselection rules, in order to highlight the generic features of such attempts. We show that the statistical proximity of absolute and relative quantities arises only when there is a highly localised phase reference, and that the superselection rule compatible relative phase factors between certain superpositions takes on the appearence of a forbidden relative phase factor in this limit. However, we argue that these relative phase factors can be determined fully within the confines of a superselection rule.