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arXiv:1003.4005 · Physical Review A

Exploring the grand-canonical phase diagram of interacting bosons in optical lattices by trap squeezing

Tommaso Roscilde

Published Aug 3, 2010• 9 citations
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Abstract

In this article, we theoretically discuss how quantum simulators based on trapped cold bosons in optical lattices can explore the grand-canonical phase diagram of homogeneous lattice boson models, via control of the trapping potential independent of all other experimental parameters (trap squeezing). Based on quantum Monte Carlo, we establish the general scaling relation linking the global chemical potential to the Hamiltonian parameters for the Bose-Hubbard model in a parabolic trap, describing cold bosons in optical lattices; we find that this scaling relation is well captured by a modified Thomas-Fermi scaling behavior---corrected for quantum fluctuations---in the case of sufficiently high density and/or sufficiently weak interactions, and by a mean-field Gutzwiller ansatz over a much larger parameter range. This scaling relation allows us to control experimentally the chemical potential, independent of all other Hamiltonian parameters, via trap squeezing; given that the global chemical potential coincides with the local chemical potential in the trap center, measurements of the central density as a function of the chemical potential give access to the information on the bulk compressibility of the Bose-Hubbard model. Supplemented with time-of-flight measurements of the coherence properties, the measurement of compressibility enables one to discern among the various possible phases realized by bosons in an optical lattice with or without external (periodic or random) potentials---for example, superfluid, Mott insulator, band insulator, and Bose glass. We theoretically demonstrate the trap-squeezing investigation of these phases in the case of bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice and in a one-dimensional incommensurate superlattice.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.82.023601

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In this article, we theoretically discuss how quantum simulators based on trapped cold bosons in optical lattices can explore the grand-canonical phase diagram of homogeneous lattice boson models, via control of the trapping potential independent of all other experimental parameters (trap squeezing). Based on quantum Monte Carlo, we establish the general scaling relation linking the global chemical potential to the Hamiltonian parameters for the Bose-Hubbard model in a parabolic trap, describing cold bosons in optical lattices; we find that this scaling relation is well captured by a modified Thomas-Fermi scaling behavior---corrected for quantum fluctuations---in the case of sufficiently high density and/or sufficiently weak interactions, and by a mean-field Gutzwiller ansatz over a much larger parameter range. This scaling relation allows us to control experimentally the chemical potential, independent of all other Hamiltonian parameters, via trap squeezing; given that the global chemical potential coincides with the local chemical potential in the trap center, measurements of the central density as a function of the chemical potential give access to the information on the bulk compressibility of the Bose-Hubbard model. Supplemented with time-of-flight measurements of the coherence properties, the measurement of compressibility enables one to discern among the various possible phases realized by bosons in an optical lattice with or without external (periodic or random) potentials---for example, superfluid, Mott insulator, band insulator, and Bose glass. We theoretically demonstrate the trap-squeezing investigation of these phases in the case of bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice and in a one-dimensional incommensurate superlattice.
We theoretically analyze the response properties of ultracold bosons in optical lattices to the static variation of the trapping potential. We show that, upon an increase of such a potential (trap squeezing), the density variations in a central region, with linear size of ≲10 wavelengths, reflect that of the bulk system upon changing the chemical potential: hence measuring the density variations gives direct access to the bulk compressibility . When combined with standard time-of-flight measurements, this approach has the potential of unambiguously detecting the appearance of the most fundamental phases realized by bosons in optical lattices, with or without further external potentials: superfluid, Mott insulator, band insulator and Bose glass.
Ultracold atomic gases in optical lattices provide an unique framework to study quantum phenomena in strongly correlated systems. In addition to the precise control over all relevant parameters in the experiment, these experiments can be mapped to a fundamental model from solid-state physics. For the bosonic version of this model, the so-called Bose-Hubbard model, a phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator was theoretically predicted and later experimentally observed in an ultracold gas of Rb-87 atoms in three-dimensional as well as in one-dimensional optical lattices. Apart from homogeneous optical lattices one can introduce more complex lattice topologies such as two-color superlattices which give rise to a rich phase diagram including more exotic phases like the Bose-glass. We employ various powerful many-body techniques like exact diagonalization in complete and truncated Hilbert spaces and the Density-Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG) algorithm to study the phase diagrams of the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard and the one-dimensional Bose-Fermi-Hubbard Hamiltonian. Most theoretical studies of these systems discuss the phase diagrams with respect to the generic parameters of the Hubbard model. These Hubbard parameters, however, depend non-trivially on the control parameters used in experiments. The focus of this work is on the ab-initio calculation of the phase diagram of ultracold Rb-87 in one-dimensional optical superlattices starting directly from the experimental setup. To this end, we first employ band-structure calculations to extract the Hubbard parameters from the experimental parameters. Then, we use state-of-the-art DMRG techniques to solve the many-body problem for realistic particle numbers and lattice sizes that occur in experiments. Our results show that by using the intensities of the two laser fields forming the two-color superlattice as control parameters while keeping all other experimental parameters fixed, it is possible to access all relevant quantum phases of the system. Furthermore, we found out that the critical values of the laser intensities for the different phase transitions depend strongly on a third parameter that has to be included for a realistic description of the experiment. This third parameter is the strength of a harmonic trapping potential which accounts for the Gaussian shape of the laser fields and an additional magnetic potential used to confine the atoms in the center of the trap.
We use quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations to study the combined effects of harmonic confinement and temperature for bosons in a two-dimensional(2D) optical lattice. The scale-invariant, finite temperature state diagram is presented for the Bose-Hubbard model in terms of experimental parameters -- the particle number, confining potential and interaction strength. To distinguish the nature of the spatially separated superfluid, Mott insulator, and normal Bose liquid phases, we examine the local density, compressibility, superfluid density, and Green's function. In the annular superfluid rings, as the width of the ring decreases, the long-range superfluid correlations start to deviate from an equivalent homogeneous 2D system. At zero temperature, the correlation decay is intermediate between one-dimension and two-dimensions, while at a finite temperature, the decay is similar to that in one-dimension at a much lower temperature. The calculations reveal shortcomings of the local density approximation in describing superfluid properties of trapped bosons. We also present the finite-temperature phase diagram for the homogeneous two dimensional Bose-Hubbard model. We compare our state diagram with the results of a recent experiment at NIST on a harmonically trapped 2D lattice [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 110401 (2010)], and identify a finite-temperature effect in the experiment.
Ultracold atomic gases may be the ultimate quantum simulator.These isolated systems have the lowest temperatures in the observable universe, and their properties and interactions can be precisely and accurately tuned across a full spectrum of behaviors, from few-body physics to highly-correlated many-body effects.The ability to impose potentials on and tune interactions within ultracold gases to mimic complex systems mean they could become a theorist's playground.One of their great strengths, however, is also one of the largest obstacles to this dream: isolation.This thesis touches on both of these themes.First, methods to characterize phases and quantum critical points, and to construct finite temperature phase diagrams using experimentally accessible observables in the Bose Hubbard model are discussed.Then, the transition from a weakly to a strongly interacting Bose-Fermi mixture in the continuum is analyzed using zero temperature numerical techniques.Real materials can be emulated by ultracold atomic gases loaded into optical lattice potentials.We discuss the characteristics of a single boson species trapped in an optical lattice (described by the Bose Hubbard model) and the hallmarks of the quantum critical region that separates the superfluid and the Mott insulator ground states.We propose a method to map the quantum critical region using the single, experimentally accessible, local quantity R, the ratio of compressibility to local number fluctuations.The procedure to map a phase diagram with R is easily generalized to inhomogeneous systems and generic many-body Hamiltonians.We illustrate it here using quantum Monte Carlo simulations of the 2D Bose Hubbard model.Secondly, we investigate the transition from a degenerate Fermi gas weakly coupled List of Tables Table Page 2.1 Techniques to Probe Atoms in Optical Lattices . . . . . .
We report results of quantum Monte Carlo simulations in the canonical and the grand-canonical ensemble of the two- and three-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model with quadratic and quartic confining potentials. The quantum criticality of the superfluid-Mott insulator transition is investigated both on the boundary layer separating the two coexisting phases and at the center of the traps where the Mott-insulating phase is first established. Recent simulations of systems in quadratic traps have shown that the transition is not in the critical regime due to the finite gradient of the confining potential and that critical fluctuations are suppressed. In addition, it has been shown that quantum critical behavior is recovered in flat confining potentials as they approach the uniform regime. Our results show that quartic traps display a behavior similar to quadratic ones, yet locally at the center of the traps the bulk transition has enhanced critical fluctuations in comparison to the quadratic case. Therefore quartic traps provide a better prerequisite for the experimental observation of true quantum criticality of ultracold bosonic atoms in optical lattices.
We investigate the interplay of temperature and trap effects in particle systems at their quantum critical regime, such as cold bosonic atoms in optical lattices at the transitions between Mott-insulator and superfluid phases. The theoretical framework is provided by the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model in the presence of an external trapping potential, and the trap-size scaling theory describing the large trap-size behavior at a quantum critical point. We present numerical results for the low-temperature behavior of the particle density and the density-density correlation function at the Mott transitions, and within the gapless superfluid phase, in the hard-core limit.