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arXiv:1003.3587 · Physical Review A

Entanglement-enhanced atomic gyroscope

J. J. Cooper, D. W. Hallwood, Jacob Dunningham

Published Apr 22, 2010• 54 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The advent of increasingly precise gyroscopes has played a key role in the technological development of navigation systems. Ring-laser and fiber-optic gyroscopes, for example, are widely used in modern inertial guidance systems and rely on the interference of unentangled photons to measure mechanical rotation. The sensitivity of these devices scales with the number of particles used as $1/\sqrt{N}$. Here we demonstrate how, by using sources of entangled particles, it is possible to do better and even achieve the ultimate limit allowed by quantum mechanics where the precision scales as $1/N$. We propose a gyroscope scheme that uses ultracold atoms trapped in an optical ring potential.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.81.043624

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The advent of increasingly precise gyroscopes has played a key role in the technological development of navigation systems. Ring-laser and fiber-optic gyroscopes, for example, are widely used in modern inertial guidance systems and rely on the interference of unentangled photons to measure mechanical rotation. The sensitivity of these devices scales with the number of particles used as 1/N1/\sqrt{N}1/N​. Here we demonstrate how, by using sources of entangled particles, it is possible to do better and even achieve the ultimate limit allowed by quantum mechanics where the precision scales as 1/N1/N1/N. We propose a gyroscope scheme that uses ultracold atoms trapped in an optical ring potential.
Abstract We model a gyroscope that exploits quantum effects in an atomic Bose–Einstein condensate to gain a tunable enhancement in precision. Current inertial navigation systems rely on the Sagnac effect using unentangled photons in fibre-optic systems and there are proposals for improving how the precision scales with the number of particles by using entanglement. Here we exploit a different route based on sharp resonances associated with quantum phase transitions. By adjusting the interaction between the particles and/or the shape of their trapping potential we are able to tune the width of the resonance and hence the precision of the measurement. Here we show how we can use this method to increase the overall sensitivity of a gyroscope by adjusting the system parameters as the measurement proceeds and our knowledge of the rotation improves. We illustrate this with an example where the precision is enhanced by a factor of more than 20 over the case without tuning, after 100 repetitions. Metrology schemes with tunable precision based on quantum phase transitions could offer an important complementary method to other quantum-enhanced measurement and sensing schemes.
High-precision gyroscopes are a key component of inertial navigation systems. By considering matter wave gyroscopes that make use of entanglement it should be possible to gain some advantages in terms of sensitivity, size, and resources used over unentangled optical systems. In this paper we consider the details of such a quantum-enhanced atom interferometry scheme based on atoms trapped in a carefully-chosen rotating trap. We consider all the steps: entanglement generation, phase imprinting, and read-out of the signal and show that quantum enhancement should be possible in principle. While the improvement in performance over equivalent unentangled schemes is small, our feasibility study opens the door to further developments and improvements.
Abstract Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) based on the Sagnac effect are a valuable tool in sensing and navigation and enable accurate measurements in applications ranging from spacecraft and aircraft to self-driving vehicles such as autonomous cars. As with any classical optical sensors, the ultimate performance of these devices is bounded by the shot-noise limit (SNL). Quantum-enhanced interferometry allows us to overcome this limit using non-classical states of light. Here, we report on an entangled-photon gyroscope that uses path-entangled NOON-states (N = 2) to provide super-resolution and phase sensitivity beyond the shot-noise limit.
Abstract With the rapid development of micro‐nano fabrication technology, micro‐optical gyroscope technology has shown tremendous potential in integration, miniaturization, and sensitivity. The micro‐optical gyroscope is closely related to the performance of the gyroscopic system, which is realized by the light‐matter interaction and resonance enhancement. Currently, the detection range of micro‐optical gyroscopes extends from millimeter‐scale physical mechanical motion to molecular vibrations at the nanometer scale; however, their precision is challenging to surpass the standard quantum limit. The primary research objective of quantum precision measurement is to utilize quantum resources to conduct quantum‐enhanced measurements on physical system quantities, thereby surpassing the quantum limit and improving parameter measurement accuracy. In recent years, due to the rapid development in the field of quantum precision measurement, quantum gyroscope has made great progress in practical and engineering. In the future, by replacing traditional accelerometers and gyroscopes, it may be possible to develop highly integrated, low‐power, and low‐drift quantum inertial navigation systems. Based on the information disclosed by journals, conferences, and related research institutions, this paper briefly outlines the development status, basic principles, and corresponding challenges of the micro‐optical gyroscope. Additionally, this paper introduces the current theoretical and experimental progress of quantum‐enhanced gyroscopes.
Quantum entanglement has the potential to revolutionize the entire field of interferometric sensing by providing many orders of magnitude improvement in interferometer sensitivity. The quantum-entangled particle interferometer approach is very general and applies to many types of interferometers. In particular, without nonlocal entanglement, a generic classical interferometer has a statistical-sampling shot-noise limited sensitivity that scales like 1/N1/\sqrt{N}1/N​, where NNN is the number of particles passing through the interferometer per unit time. However, if carefully prepared quantum correlations are engineered between the particles, then the interferometer sensitivity improves by a factor of N\sqrt{N}N​ to scale like 1/N, which is the limit imposed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. For optical interferometers operating at milliwatts of optical power, this quantum sensitivity boost corresponds to an eight-order-of-magnitude improvement of signal to noise. This effect can translate into a tremendous science pay-off for space missions. For example, one application of this new effect is to fiber optical gyroscopes for deep-space inertial guidance and tests of General Relativity (Gravity Probe B). Another application is to ground and orbiting optical interferometers for gravity wave detection, Laser Interferometer Gravity Observatory (LIGO) and the European Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), respectively. Other applications are to Satellite-to-Satellite laser Interferometry (SSI) proposed for the next generation Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE II).
In a Mach-Zenhder interferometer (MZI), the highest precision for a measurement error is given by vacuum fluctuations of quantum mechanics, resulting in a shot noise limit1,2,3,4,5. Because the intensity measurement in an MZI is correlated with the phase difference, the precision measurement (Δn) is coupled with the phase resolution (Δϕ) by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Quantum metrology offers a different solution to this precision measurement using nonclassical light such as squeezed light or higher-order entangled-photon pairs, resulting in a smaller Δϕ for the same Δn3,4,5,6,7,8. Here, we propose another method for the high precision measurement overcoming the Heisenberg photon-phase relation, where the smaller Δϕ is achieved by phase quantization in a coupled interferometric system via coherence de Broglie waves (CBWs)9,10. For a potential application of the proposed method, a quantum ring gyroscope is presented as a quantum version of the conventional ring laser gyroscope used for inertial navigation and geodesy11-13.