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arXiv:1002.3477 · Physical Review Letters

Statistical Estimation of the Efficiency of Quantum State Tomography Protocols

Yu. I. Bogdanov, G. Brida, Marco Genovese, S. P. Kulik, Ekaterina V. Moreva, Alexander P. Shurupov

Published Jul 1, 2010• 76 citations
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Abstract

A novel operational method for estimating the efficiency of quantum state tomography protocols is suggested. It is based on a priori estimation of the quality of an arbitrary protocol by means of universal asymptotic fidelity distribution and condition number, which takes minimal value for better protocol. We prove the adequacy of the method both with numerical modeling and through the experimental realization of several practically important protocols of quantum state tomography.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.105.010404

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A novel operational method for estimating the efficiency of quantum state tomography protocols is suggested. It is based on a priori estimation of the quality of an arbitrary protocol by means of universal asymptotic fidelity distribution and condition number, which takes minimal value for better protocol. We prove the adequacy of the method both with numerical modeling and through the experimental realization of several practically important protocols of quantum state tomography.
An operational method has been proposed for estimating the efficiency of quantum cryptography protocols for quantum states with discrete variables. The method is based on the estimate of the quality of the protocol by means of a universal asymptotic distribution of the characteristic of the accuracy of the reconstruction of the quantum state, which is called fidelity. For a specially designed measurement matrix, the condition number, which is minimal for the optimal protocol, is introduced. The method has been tested in a numerical simulation and real experiments with polarization qubits. It has been shown that the optimal choice of a polarization transformer makes it possible to strongly improve the quality of the reconstruction of states.
A new methodology of statistical estimation of the quality of quantum measurement protocols is considered. The method is based on studying the completeness, adequacy, and accuracy of quantum measurement protocols. The completeness is estimated on the basis of considering a singular decomposition of a special matrix, which is constructed based on the measurement operators. The estimate of adequacy supposes the presence of redundancy in the measurement protocol as compared to the minimally possible number of measurements that are necessary for full reconstruction of a quantum state. The adequacy of quantum measurements is estimated as the degree of how much the redundant statistical data agree with the laws of quantum theory. The accuracy characteristics of the statistical reconstruction of arbitrary quantum states are studied based on the universal statistical distribution for accuracy losses. Examples of applying the developed methods are presented for seven quantum protocols based on the geometry of polyhedra with a high degree of symmetry.
Quantum tomography is the most informative tool for estimating the quality of preparation and transformation of quantum states. Its development is crucially necessary for debugging of developed quantum processors. Many existing methods of quantum tomography differ in types of performed measurements and in procedures of their processing. The practical implementation of quantum tomography requires the comparison of different methods, which is complicated because of the absence of a general methodology of estimation. A universal methodology based on numerical experiments has been proposed in this work to estimate the quality of quantum state tomography methods. The developed methodology has been applied to three quantum tomography methods (root approach, compressed sensing, and adaptive tomography) efficiently operating with almost pure states, which is relevant for the current technological foundation of the experiments.
We propose a quantum tomography scheme for pure states which adopts machine learning methods, along with a built-in fidelity estimation approach to assess the reliability of the tomographic state. We prove the validity of the scheme theoretically and perform numerically simulated experiments on several typical target quantum states such as W, cluster and dimer states. We find that the required number of measurements to meet the convergence criterion does not grow exponentially in the number of qubits, thus the scheme achieves high efficiency that is crucial for large-scale quantum states tomography in a laboratory.
Quantum state tomography is the task of inferring the state of a quantum system by appropriate measurements. Since the frequency distributions of the outcomes of any finite number of measurements will generally deviate from their asymptotic limits, the estimates computed by standard methods do not in general coincide with the true state and, therefore, have no operational significance unless their accuracy is defined in terms of error bounds. Here we show that quantum state tomography, together with an appropriate data analysis procedure, yields reliable and tight error bounds, specified in terms of confidence regions-a concept originating from classical statistics. Confidence regions are subsets of the state space in which the true state lies with high probability, independently of any prior assumption on the distribution of the possible states. Our method for computing confidence regions can be applied to arbitrary measurements including fully coherent ones; it is practical and particularly well suited for tomography on systems consisting of a small number of qubits, which are currently in the focus of interest in experimental quantum information science.