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arXiv:1001.3465

The $\ell_{1}$-norm in quantum information via the approach of Yang-Baxter Equation

Niu, Kai, Kang Xue, Qing Bo Zhao, Mo‐Lin Ge

Published Jan 20, 2010• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The role of $\ell_{1}$-norm in Quantum Mechanics (QM) has been studied through Wigner's D-functions where $\ell_{1}$-norm means $\sum_{i}\left|C_{i}\right|$ for $\left|Ψ\right\rangle =\sum_{i}C_{i}\left|ψ_{i}\right\rangle $ if $\left|ψ_{i}\right\rangle $ are uni-orthogonal and normalized basis. It was shown that the present two types of transformation matrix acting on the natural basis in physics consist in an unified braiding matrix, which can be viewed as a particular solution of the Yang-Baxter equation (YBE). The maximum of the $\ell_{1}$-norm is connected with the maximally entangled states and topological quantum field theory (TQFT) with two-component anyons while the minimum leads to the permutation for fermions or bosons.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1001.3465

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The solutions of Yang–Baxter equation (YBE) associated with quantum information have been reviewed with new progress. The additivity rule for two particles is shown to obey Lorentzian type other than the Gallilean. Acting the braiding operations on the topological basis, it turns out that the [Formula: see text]-dimensional representations obeying YBE are nothing but the Wigner’s [Formula: see text]-functions. The connection between the extremization of [Formula: see text]-norm as well as of von Neumann entropy and the reduction of YBE to braid relation is also discussed.
Starting from the Kauffman-Lomonaco braiding matrix transforming the natural basis to Bell states, the spectral parameter describing the entanglement is introduced through Yang-Baxterization. It gives rise to a new type of solutions for Yang-Baxter equation, called the type-II that differs from the familiar solution called type-I of YBE associated with the usual chain models. The Majorana fermionic version of type-II yields the Kitaev Hamiltonian. The introduced ℓ 1 -norm leads to the maximum of the entanglement by taking the extreme value and shows that it is related to the Wigner's D-function. Based on the Yang-Baxter equation the 3-body S-Matrix for type-II is explicitly given. Different from the type-I solution, the type-II solution of YBE should be considered in describing quantum information. The idea is further extended to 3 parafermion model based on SU (3) principal representation. The type-II is in difference from the familiar type-I in many respects. For example, the quantities corresponding to velocity in the chain models obey the Lorentzian additivity rather than Galilean rule ( u + v ). Most possibly, for the type-II solutions of YBE there may not exist RTT relation. Further more, for 3 parafermion model we only need the rational Yang-Baxterization, which seems like trigonometric. Similar discussions are also made in terms of generalized Yang-Baxter equation with three spin spaces .
In this paper, we review some results obtained in our works with extension. The new type of braiding matrices called type-II has been extended to the solutions of Yang–Baxter equations (YBE). It is related to quantum entangling states. The four-dimensional realization is connected with Majorana fermions and the two-dimensional realization for the topological basis is the wigner DJ-function with J = 1/2. The YBE leads to the conclusion that the additivity rule of velocities for two anyons obeys Lorentz rather than Galilean. The discussion is extended to three body S-matrix formed by three two-body S-matrices. The three-qubit entanglement based on two-qubit entanglements is discussed.
The Yang–Baxter Equation (YBE) is a central algebraic identity that governs the compatibility of multi-body interactions in both mathematics and physics. Originating in the context of factorized scattering and exactly solvable models, the YBE has evolved into a unifying principle connecting integrable systems, representation theory, low-dimensional topology, braid groups, quantum groups, tensor categories, and topological quantum computation. This article provides a comprehensive exposition of the YBE, bridging its mathematical foundations with its physical applications. We develop constant and spectral-parameter forms, construct explicit solutions, introduce diagrammatic and tensor-network interpretations, and explore the role of the YBE in integrable models, quantum symmetries, and topological phases of matter.
Multiple equations in math, physics, quantum information, and elsewhere are referred to as "the" Yang-Baxter equation, in spite of being a broad family of equations. Most of the equations are nonlinear matrix equations, where the unknown variable is a matrix. This is the case for the so called braided, algebraic, and generalized forms of "the" equation, which are the primary focus of this dissertation. Finding solutions to the various forms of these equations has been the subject of much research. The equations in all their forms are largely considered intractable in high dimensions, and only in dimension 2 have the solutions been fully classified. We begin with an introduction to quantum computation, with a focus on the topological model and its connection to the braid group. Next, we introduce the braided, algebraic, and generalized forms of "the" Yang-Baxter equation. We provide a full classification of diagonal solutions to each form. In particular, we show that any diagonal matrix is a solution to the algebraic form in any dimension, and each instance of the braided and generalized forms only have diagonal solutions that are scalar multiples of the identity. We exploit the relationship between the algebraic and braided forms to construct a solution in any dimension that is applicable to topological quantum computation as a universal gate. The generalized form of the equation is parameterized by three natural numbers, (d,m,l), and we show that the only invertible solutions when l ≥ m are scalar multiples of the identity. We completely classify all solutions arising from an X-shaped ansatz for five different choices of (d,m,l), and provide a complete classification of X-shaped solutions to every odd dimensional braided equation, where there are no X-shaped solutions in any dimension. We fully classify permutation solutions to each instance of the braided and algebraic equations that can be written as a product of 3 or fewer transpositions. We show that the problem of classifying all invertible upper triangular solutions to the 4-dimensional algebraic Yang-Baxter equation can be split into 48 cases, and fully classify one of the cases.