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arXiv:0912.2943 · New Journal of Physics

Interaction of a propagating guided matter wave with a localized potential

G. L. Gattobigio, A. Couvert, Bertrand Georgeot, David Guéry-Odelin

Published Aug 26, 2010• 13 citations
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Abstract

We provide a theoretical framework to describe the interaction of a propagating guided matter wave with a localized potential in terms of quantum scattering in a confined environment. We analyze how this scattering correlates the longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom, and work out analytically the output state under the Born approximation using a Gaussian localized potential. In this limit, it is possible to engineer the potential and achieve coherent control of the output channels. The robustness of this approximation is studied by comparing the stationary scattering theory to numerical simulations involving incident wave packets. It remains valid in a domain of weak localized potential that is achievable experimentally. We deduce a possible method to determine the longitudinal coherence length of a guided atom laser. Then, we detail the non-perturbative regime of the interaction of the guided matter wave with the localized potential using a coupled channel approach. This approach is worked out explicitly with a square potential. It yields new non-perturbative effects such as the occurrence of confinement-induced resonances. The perspectives opened up by this work for experiments are discussed.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/12/8/085013

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We provide a theoretical framework to describe the interaction of a propagating guided matter wave with a localized potential in terms of quantum scattering in a confined environment. We analyze how this scattering correlates the longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom, and work out analytically the output state under the Born approximation using a Gaussian localized potential. In this limit, it is possible to engineer the potential and achieve coherent control of the output channels. The robustness of this approximation is studied by comparing the stationary scattering theory to numerical simulations involving incident wave packets. It remains valid in a domain of weak localized potential that is achievable experimentally. We deduce a possible method to determine the longitudinal coherence length of a guided atom laser. Then, we detail the non-perturbative regime of the interaction of the guided matter wave with the localized potential using a coupled channel approach. This approach is worked out explicitly with a square potential. It yields new non-perturbative effects such as the occurrence of confinement-induced resonances. The perspectives opened up by this work for experiments are discussed.
The possibility of using ultracold atoms to observe strong localization of matter waves is now the subject of a great interest, as undesirable decoherence and interactions can be made negligible in these systems. It was proposed that a static disordered potential can be realized by trapping atoms of a given species in randomly chosen sites of a deep 3D optical lattice with no multiple occupation. We analyze in detail the prospects of this scheme for observing localized states in 3D for a matter wave of a different atomic species that interacts with the trapped particles and that is sufficiently far detuned from the optical lattice to be insensitive to it. We demonstrate that at low energy a large number of 3D strongly localized states can be produced for the matter wave, if the effective scattering length describing the interaction of the matter wave with a trapped atom is of the order of the mean distance between the trapped particles. Such high values of the effective scattering length can be obtained by using a Feshbach resonance to adjust the free space inter-species scattering length and by taking advantage of confinement-induced resonances induced by the trapping of the scatterers in the lattice.
We study experimentally and theoretically a beam splitter setup for guided atomic matter waves. The matter wave is a guided atom laser that can be tuned from quasimonomode to a regime where many transverse modes are populated, and propagates in a horizontal dipole beam until it crosses another horizontal beam at 45°. We show that depending on the parameters of this X configuration, the atoms can all end up in one of the two beams (the system behaves as a perfect guide switch), or be split between the four available channels (the system behaves as a beam splitter). The splitting regime results from a chaotic scattering dynamics. The existence of these different regimes turns out to be robust against small variations of the parameters of the system. From numerical studies, we also propose a scheme that provides a robust and controlled beam splitter in two channels only.
The possibility of using ultracold atoms to observe strong localization of matter waves is now a subject of great interest, as undesirable decoherence and interactions can be made negligible in these systems. It was proposed that a static-disordered potential can be realized by trapping atoms of a given species in randomly chosen sites of a deep three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice with no multiple occupation. We analyze in detail the prospects of this scheme for observing localized states in 3D for a matter wave of a different atomic species that interacts with the trapped particles and that is sufficiently far detuned from the optical lattice to be insensitive to it. We demonstrate that at low energy a large number of 3D strongly localized states can be produced for the matter wave, if the effective scattering length describing the interaction of the matter wave with a trapped atom is of the order of the mean distance between the trapped particles. Such high values of the effective scattering length can be obtained by using a Feshbach resonance to adjust the free-space interspecies scattering length and by taking advantage of confinement-induced resonances induced by the trapping of the scatterers in the lattice.
We study the dynamics of quantum bosonic waves in a one-dimensional tilted optical lattice. An effective spatially localized nonlinear two-body potential barrier is set at the center of the lattice. This version of the Bose–Hubbard model can be realized in atomic Bose–Einstein condensates, with the help of localized optical Feshbach resonance, controlled by a focused laser beam, and in quantum optics, using an arrayed waveguide with selectively doped guiding cores. Our numerical analysis demonstrates that the central barrier induces anomalous quantum reflection of incident wave packets, which acts solely on bosonic components with multiple onsite occupancies, while single-occupancy components pass the barrier, allowing one to distill them in the interaction zone. As a consequence, in this region one finds a hard-core-like state, in which the multiple occupancy is forbidden. Our results demonstrate that this regime can be attained dynamically, using relatively weak interactions, irrespective of their sign. Physical parameters necessary for the experimental implementation of the setting in ultracold atomic gases are estimated.
We study theoretically the propagation of a guided atom laser across an Aharonov-Bohm ring which is exposed to a synthetic gauge field. The presence of disorder within the ring gives rise to Al'tshuler-Aronov-Spivak oscillations, seen in the disorder average of the transmission as a function of the effective gauge flux that is contained within the ring. Those oscillations are induced by coherent backscattering and represent a manifestation of weak localization. Through analytical and numerical calculations that are based on the mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii approximation for the propagating Bose-Einstein condensate, we show that the presence of a very weak atom-atom interaction within the ring leads to an inversion of the Al'tshuler-Aronov-Spivak oscillations, in a very similar manner as for the coherent backscattering of Bose-Einstein condensates within two-dimensional disorder potentials. Numerical simulations based on the truncated Wigner method reveal that this signature of weak antilocalization becomes washed out if the interaction strength is increased.
We solve the two-particle s-wave scattering for an ultracold-atom gas confined in a quasi-one-dimensional trapping potential which is periodically modulated. The interaction between the atoms is included via Fermi's pseudopotential. For a modulated isotropic transverse harmonic confinement, the atomic center of mass and relative degrees of freedom decouple and an exact solution is possible. The modulation opens additional photon-assisted resonant scattering channels. Applying the Bethe-Peierls boundary condition, we obtain the general scattering solution of the time-dependent Floquet-Schrödinger equation which is universal at low energies. The effective one-dimensional scattering length can be controlled by the external driving.