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arXiv:0912.0995 · Physical Review B

Quantum interference induced by multiple Landau-Zener transitions in a strongly driven rf-SQUID qubit

Yiwen Wang, Shanhua Cong, Xueda Wen, Cheng Pan, Guozhu Sun, Jian Chen, Lin Kang, Weiwei Xu, Yang Yu, Peiheng Wu

Published Apr 13, 2010• 16 citations
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Abstract

We irradiated an rf superconducting quantum interference device qubit with large-amplitude and high-frequency electromagnetic field. Population transitions between macroscopic distinct quantum states due to multiple Landau-Zener transitions at energy-level avoided crossings were observed. The qubit population on the excited states as a function of flux detuning and microwave power exhibits interference patterns. Some features are found in the interference and a model based on rate equations can well address these features.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.81.144505

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We irradiated an rf superconducting quantum interference device qubit with large-amplitude and high-frequency electromagnetic field. Population transitions between macroscopic distinct quantum states due to multiple Landau-Zener transitions at energy-level avoided crossings were observed. The qubit population on the excited states as a function of flux detuning and microwave power exhibits interference patterns. Some features are found in the interference and a model based on rate equations can well address these features.
Microwave resonances between discrete macroscopically distinct quantum states with single photon and multiphoton absorption are observed in a strongly driven radio frequency superconducting quantum interference device flux qubit. The amplitude of the resonant peaks and dips are modulated by the power of the applied microwave irradiation and a population inversion is generated at low flux bias. These results, which can be addressed with Landau–Zener transition, are useful to develop an alternative means to initialize and manipulate the flux qubit, as well as to do a controllable population inversion used in a micromaser.
We proposed an analytical model to analyze the Landau-Zener interference in a multilevel superconducting flux qubit driven by large-amplitude external fields. Our analytical results agree remarkably well with those of Berns et al. [Nature (London) 455, 51 (2008)]. Moreover, we studied the effect of driving frequency and dephasing rate on the interference. The dephasing generally destroys the interference, while increasing frequency rebuilds the interference at large dephasing rate. At a certain driving frequency and dephasing rate, the interference shows some anomalous features, as observed in recent experiments.
We experimentally demonstrate the observation of macroscopic resonant tunneling (MRT) phenomenon of the macroscopic distinct flux states in a radio frequency superconducting quantum interference device (rf-SQUID) under a single-cycle sinusoidal driving. The population of the qubit exhibits interference patterns corresponding to resonant tunneling peaks between states in the adjacent potential wells. The dynamics of the qubit depends significantly on the amplitude, frequency, and initial phase of the driving signal. We do the numerical simulations considering the intra-well and inter-well relaxation mechanism, which agree well with the experimental results. This approach provides an effective way to manipulate the qubit population by adjusting the parameters of the external driving field.
Landau–Zener–Stückelberg (LZS) interference has drawn renewed attention to quantum information processing research because it is not only an effective tool for characterizing two-level quantum systems but also a powerful approach to manipulate quantum states. Superconducting quantum circuits, due to their versatile tunability and degrees of control, are ideal platforms for studying LZS interference phenomena. We use a superconducting Xmon qubit to study LZS interference by parametrically modulating the qubit transition frequency nonlinearly. For dc flux biasing of the qubit slightly far away from the optimal flux point, the qubit excited state population shows an interference pattern that is very similar to the standard LZS interference in linear regime, except that all bands shift towards lower frequencies when increasing the rf modulation amplitude. For dc flux biasing close to the optimal flux point, the negative sidebands and the positive sidebands behave differently, resulting in an asymmetric interference pattern. The experimental results are also in good agreement with our analytical and numerical simulations.
The populations of energy levels of interacting qubits have been studied as functions of the field amplitude and other control parameters for a constant frequency of the external electromagnetic field. It has been found that the qubit coupling constant strongly affects the quantum-coherent Landau-Zener transitions between the qubit states and the formation of an interference pattern in level populations, depending on the field parameters. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to determine the qubit coupling constant by Landau-Zener interferometry.
Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg interferometry has been extensively investigated in quantum two-level systems, with particular interests on artificial system such as superconducting flux qubits. With increasing the driving field amplitude, more energy levels will be involved into the quantum evolution, which results in population inversion and many interesting interference patterns. These interference patterns can be used to obtain the parameters characterizing the system and probe dephasing mechanisms of the qubit. Most recently, experiments have been extended to the regime with higher-frequency and larger-amplitude driving field, in which the interference pattern exhibited more complicated characteristics. In this article, we give a universal description of the characteristics observed in both low-frequency and high-frequency regimes. Besides explaining the already observed experimental results, our theoretical model predicted many interesting phenomenon, which can be demonstrated by future experiments.