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arXiv:0911.3029 · Physical Review B

Infinite matrix product states, conformal field theory, and the Haldane-Shastry model

J. I. Cirac, Germán Sierra

Published Mar 31, 2010• 121 citations
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Abstract

We generalize the matrix product states method using the chiral vertex operators of conformal field theory and apply it to study the ground states of the XXZ spin chain, the ${J}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{J}_{2}$ model and random Heisenberg models. We compute the overlap with the exact wave functions, spin-spin correlators, and the Renyi entropy, showing that critical systems can be described by this method. For rotational invariant ansatzs we construct an inhomogenous extension of the Haldane-Shastry model with long-range exchange interactions.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.81.104431

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We generalize the matrix product states method using the chiral vertex operators of conformal field theory and apply it to study the ground states of the XXZ spin chain, the J1\ensuremath-J2{J}_{1}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{J}_{2}J1​\ensuremath-J2​ model and random Heisenberg models. We compute the overlap with the exact wave functions, spin-spin correlators, and the Renyi entropy, showing that critical systems can be described by this method. For rotational invariant ansatzs we construct an inhomogenous extension of the Haldane-Shastry model with long-range exchange interactions.
We show that infinite matrix product states (MPSs) constructed from conformal field theories can describe ground states of one-dimensional critical systems with open boundary conditions. To illustrate this, we consider a simple infinite MPS for a spin-1/2 chain and derive an inhomogeneous open Haldane-Shastry model. For the spin-1/2 open Haldane-Shastry model, we derive an exact expression for the two-point spin correlation function. We also provide an SU(n)\mathrm{SU}(n)SU(n) generalization of the open Haldane-Shastry model and determine its twisted Yangian generators responsible for the highly degenerate multiplets in the energy spectrum.
In this paper, we study an su(m)\mathrm{su}(m)su(m)-invariant open version of the Haldane-Shastry spin chain whose ground state can be obtained from the chiral correlator of the $c=m\ensuremath{-}1$ free boson boundary conformal field theory. We show that this model is integrable for a suitable choice of the chain sites depending on the roots of the Jacobi polynomial ${P}_{N}^{\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}1,{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}1}$, where NNN is the number of sites and $\ensuremath{\beta},{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ are two positive parameters. We also compute in closed form the first few nontrivial conserved charges arising from the twisted Yangian invariance of the model. We evaluate the chain's partition function, determine the ground-state energy, and deduce a complete description of the spectrum in terms of Haldane's motifs and a related classical vertex model. In particular, this description entails that the chain's level density is normally distributed in the thermodynamic limit. We also analyze the spectrum's degeneracy, proving that it is much higher than for a typical Yangian-invariant model.
We propose to use null vectors in conformal field theories to derive model Hamiltonians of quantum spin chains and the corresponding ground state wavefunction(s). The approach is quite general, and we illustrate it by constructing a family of Hamiltonians whose ground states are the chiral correlators of the SU (2) k WZW model for integer values of the level k . The simplest example corresponds to k = 1 and is essentially a nonuniform generalization of the Haldane–Shastry model with long-range exchange couplings. At level k = 2, we analyse the model for N spin 1 fields. We find that the Renyi entropy and the two-point spin correlator show, respectively, logarithmic growth and algebraic decay. Furthermore, we use the null vectors to derive a set of algebraic, linear equations relating spin correlators within each model. At level k = 1, these equations allow us to compute the two-point spin correlators analytically for the finite chain uniform Haldane–Shastry model and to obtain numerical results for the nonuniform case and for higher-point spin correlators in a very simple way and without resorting to Monte Carlo techniques.
The Haldane-Shastry spin chain is a prototypical integrable model with long-range interactions, notable for hosting quasiparticles with fractional statistics and serving as a discrete analogue of a conformal field theory. Its remarkable simplicity is closely tied to a full Yangian spin symmetry. While the highest-weight states for this symmetry are known explicitly, a systematic treatment of the descendant states, needed for the computation of various physical quantities, has remained incomplete. In this work, we provide a detailed construction of these descendants in terms of the algebraic Bethe ansatz following recent work of Ferrando et al. In the limit of extreme twist, it includes the Gelfand-Tsetlin basis. As an application, we derive product and determinant formulae for norms and overlaps of these states.
Phase transitions of second order play an important role in solid state physics. It is in their nature that they occur only in systems that are composed from an infinite number of components since, only that way, the necessary conditions for this (for example, scale invariance) are granted. Such a system at a second order phase transition is called critical. The infinite number of particles poses a particular challenge, even for the description of classical systems. Quantum mechanical systems, however, are distinctly more difficult to treat in this context, since the dimension of their state space grows exponentially with the number of their particles, not to mention the fact that only a few – and usually only one-dimensional – quantum systems are exactly solvable. One of these exactly solvable one-dimensional quantum systems is the SU(N) Haldane-Shastry spin chain that may be regarded as the archetype of long-range spin chains. Moreover, it is critical in the continuum limit and its effective low-energy theory is the so-called SU(N)_1 Wess-Zumino-Witten model. It is a quantum field theory which is not only conformally invariant, so, in particular, scale invariant, but, furthermore, exhibits additional symmetry in the shape of an infinite extension of the Lie algebra su(N) associated with SU(N). Recent studies show that, from these very structures of the SU(N)_1 WZW model, one can, in turn, derive spin systems, whose arrangement is not necessarily the one of a spin chain, but even two-dimensional distributions of the spins in the plane are possible. These systems are again characterized by long-range interactions, comparable to those of the Haldane-Shastry spin chain, which is also obtained as a result of an appropriate choice of parameters. \n \nIn this thesis, we extend the construction already known for the SU(N) case to the supersymmetric case GL(m|n). Here, we construct explicitly both, a special quantum state as well as a Hamiltonian that projects this quantum state to zero. We also discuss the Hamiltonian in the special case of the GL(1|1) spin chain and compare it to the respective GL(1|1) Haldane-Shastry spin chain on a bipartite state space. Both are critical and we identify the corresponding conformal field theories. Subsequently, we describe a generalization of this system in terms of two parameters and explain how its spectrum was found. It is then analyzed and its continuum limit is determined. In doing so, it shows that the system displays criticality only for generic values of one of the two parameters.