We show that quantum solitons in the Lieb-Liniger Hamiltonian are precisely the yrast states. We identify such solutions with Lieb's type II excitations from weak to strong interactions, clarifying a long-standing question of the physical meaning of this excitation branch. We demonstrate that the metastable quantum phase transition previously found in mean-field analysis of the weakly interacting Lieb-Liniger Hamiltonian [Phys. Rev. A 79, 063616 (2009)] extends into the medium- to strongly interacting regime of a periodic one-dimensional Bose gas. Our methods are exact diagonalization, finite-size Bethe ansatz, and the boson-fermion mapping in the Tonks-Girardeau limit.
We show that quantum solitons in the Lieb-Liniger Hamiltonian are precisely the yrast states. We identify such solutions with Lieb's type II excitations from weak to strong interactions, clarifying a long-standing question of the physical meaning of this excitation branch. We demonstrate that the metastable quantum phase transition previously found in mean-field analysis of the weakly interacting Lieb-Liniger Hamiltonian [Phys. Rev. A 79, 063616 (2009)] extends into the medium- to strongly interacting regime of a periodic one-dimensional Bose gas. Our methods are exact diagonalization, finite-size Bethe ansatz, and the boson-fermion mapping in the Tonks-Girardeau limit.
Abstract The coordinate Bethe ansatz can be extended to a model, the Lieb–Liniger model, of a one-dimensional gas of Bosons interacting with repulsive δ-function potentials. It has attracted attention due to its relevance for experimental developments in the fields of ultracold gases and optical lattices. This chapter provides an exposition of the related classical nonlinear Schrödinger equation, followed by its generalization to the quantum model. It explores a limiting case, the Tonks-Girardeau gas. The δ-function potentials supply a kind of boundary condition on the wave functions allowing us to analyze the eigenfunctions of the Bethe ansatz, which are examined on the infinite line and for periodic boundary conditions. The latter leads to the Bethe ansatz equations. The solution of these equations is achieved in the thermodynamic limit for the ground state and for low-lying excited states.
Eigenstates of Bose particles with repulsive contact interactions in one-dimensional space with periodic boundary conditions can be found with the help of the Bethe ansatz. The type II excitation spectrum identified by E. H. Lieb, reproduces the dispersion relation of dark solitons in the mean-field approach. The corresponding eigenstates possess translational symmetry which can be broken in measurements of positions of particles. We analyze emergence of single and double solitons in the course of the measurements and investigate dynamics of the system. In the weak interaction limit, the system follows the mean-field prediction for a short period of time. Long time evolution reveals many-body effects that are related to an increasing uncertainty of soliton positions. In the strong interaction regime particles behave like impenetrable bosons. Then, the probability densities in the configuration space become identical to the probabilities of noninteracting fermions but the wave functions themselves remember the original Bose statistics. Especially, the phase flips that are key signatures of the solitons in the weak interaction limit, can be observed in the time evolution of the strongly interacting bosons.
The exactly solvable Lieb-Liniger model of interacting bosons in one dimension has attracted renewed interest as current experiments with ultracold atoms begin to probe this regime. Here we numerically solve the equations arising from the Bethe ansatz solution for the exact many-body wave function in a finite-size system of up to 20 particles for attractive interactions. We discuss the features of the solutions, and how they deviate from the well-known string solutions [Thacker, Rev. Mod. Phys. 53, 253 (1981)] at finite densities. We present excited state string solutions in the limit of strong interactions and discuss their physical interpretation, as well as the characteristics of the quantum phase transition that occurs as a function of interaction strength in the mean-field limit. Finally we compare our results to those of exact diagonalization of the many-body Hamiltonian in a truncated basis. We also present excited state solutions and the excitation spectrum for the repulsive one-dimensional Bose gas on a ring.
Abstract Dark soliton solutions in the one-dimensional classical nonlinear Schrödinger equation have been considered to be related to the yrast states corresponding to the type-II excitations in the Lieb–Liniger model. However, the relation is nontrivial and remains unclear because a dark soliton localized in space breaks the translation symmetry, while yrast states are translationally invariant. In this work, we construct a symmetry-broken quantum soliton state and investigate the relation to the yrast states. By interpreting a quantum dark soliton as a Bose–Einstein condensation to the wave function of a classical dark soliton, we find that the quantum soliton state has a large weight only on the yrast states, which is analytically proved in the free-boson limit and numerically verified in the weak-coupling regime. By extending these results, we derive a parameter-free expression of a quantum soliton state that is written as a superposition of yrast states with Gaussian weights. The density profile of this quantum soliton state excellently agrees to that of the classical dark soliton. The dynamics of a quantum dark soliton are also studied, and it turns out that the density profile of a dark soliton decays, but the decay time increases as the inverse of the coupling constant in the weak-coupling limit.
This thesis is concerned with non-equilibrium phenomena in interacting quantum many-body systems. Specifically, we investigate the time-evolution and relaxation dynamics of Bose gases in a highly restricted geometry, which constrains the dynamics to one spatial dimension. This leads to a description of the system in terms of a simple model Hamiltonian which permits exact many-body quantum mechanical solutions due to its integrability. In the first part of this thesis, a computational method is developed to obtain experimentally relevant correlation functions in the framework of the coordinate Bethe ansatz. We employ this method to compute exact ground-state correlation functions of the Lieb-Liniger gas for up to seven particles covering the whole regime of repulsive interactions. We also investigate the dynamics of the system after an instantaneous change of the interaction strength. This quantum quench deposits large amounts of energy that cannot be dissipated due to the system being closed, and so the dynamics far from equilibrium are probed. We prepare the system in two different initial states, and quench to the same final interaction strength. The latter is determined in such a way that the added energy due to the quench is the same for both scenarios. Conventional statistical mechanics predicts the same relaxed state, but due to the integrability of the system all considered correlation functions of the relaxed states differ from each other and also from the thermal ones. We then investigate the dynamics and relaxed state for a quench from zero to repulsive interactions in more detail, focussing on the mechanism of relaxation and the involved time-scales. We find that local correlation functions relax on time-scales determined by the interaction strength, in contrast to non-local correlation functions, whose relaxation time-scale is proportional to the system size. Next, we employ the same methodology to study the one-dimensional Bose gas with attractive interactions. In this case many-body bound states are permissible solutions of the Lieb-Liniger model. We compare exact ground-state correlation functions of up to seven particles to their corresponding mean-field solution. The latter displays a quantum phase transition at a critical interaction strength, marking the transition from a uniform-density state to a localized bright soliton. Our exact results agree remarkably well with the corresponding mean-field solution past the critical point. We also investigate the dynamics following an interaction strength quench, starting again from the non-interacting ground state. Bound states strongly influence correlation functions for all post-quench interaction strengths, and local correlation functions are largely increased compared to their initial value. In the last part of this thesis, we investigate the behavior of the one-dimensional Bose gas under periodic driving of the interaction strength. To this end, we extend the coordinate Bethe-ansatz formalism by employing Floquet theory to obtain solutions for the full time- dependent Hamiltonian. This realizes an extension to non-integrable systems in a way that allows controlled breaking of integrability. We compare the dynamics of the system following an interaction quench to a fixed final interaction strength to that of a system with periodically modulated post-quench interaction strength. For fast driving, the system evolves according to the time-averaged Hamiltonian and correlation functions are nearly identical to those of the undriven system. The response of the system qualitatively changes at resonances of the time-averaged Hamiltonian, where we observe energy absorption and a marked change in correlation functions. However, the system does not absorb energy indefinitely.
A one-dimensional model of bosons with repulsive short-range interactions, solved analytically by Lieb and Liniger many years ago, predicts the existence of two branches of elementary excitations. One of them represents Bogoliubov phonons; the other, as suggested by some authors, might be related to dark solitons. On the other hand, it has been already demonstrated within the framework of the classical field approximation that a quasi-one-dimensional interacting Bose gas at equilibrium exhibits excitations which are phonons and dark solitons. By showing that for lower temperatures statistical distributions of dark solitons obtained within the classical field approximation are well represented by the distributions of quasiparticles of the second kind derived from fully quantum description, we demonstrate that type II excitations in the Lieb-Liniger model are, indeed, quantum solitons.