While our natural intuition suggests us that we live in 3D space evolving in time, modern physics presents fundamentally different picture: 4D spacetime, Einstein's block universe, in which we travel in thermodynamically emphasized direction: arrow of time. Arguments for such nonintuitive and nonlocal living in kind of "4D jello" come among others from: Lagrangian mechanics we use from QFT to GR saying that history between fixed past and future situation is the one optimizing action, special relativity saying that different velocity observers have different own time directions, general relativity deforming shape of the entire spacetime up to switching time and space below the black hole event horizon, or the CPT theorem concluding fundamental symmetry between past and future for example in the Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation of antiparticles as propagating back in time. Accepting this nonintuitive living in 4D spacetime: with present moment being in equilibrium between past and future - minimizing tension as action of Lagrangian, leads to crucial surprising differences from intuitive "evolving 3D" picture - allowing to conclude Bell inequalities, violated by the real physics. Specifically, particle in spacetime becomes own trajectory: 1D submanifold of 4D, making that statistical physics should consider ensembles like Boltzmann distribution among entire paths (like in Ising model), what leads to quantum behavior as we know from Feynman's Euclidean path integrals or similar Maximal Entropy Random Walk (MERW).
While our natural intuition suggests us that we live in 3D space evolving in time, modern physics presents fundamentally different picture: 4D spacetime, Einstein's block universe, in which we travel in thermodynamically emphasized direction: arrow of time. Arguments for such nonintuitive and nonlocal living in kind of "4D jello" come among others from: Lagrangian mechanics we use from QFT to GR saying that history between fixed past and future situation is the one optimizing action, special relativity saying that different velocity observers have different own time directions, general relativity deforming shape of the entire spacetime up to switching time and space below the black hole event horizon, or the CPT theorem concluding fundamental symmetry between past and future for example in the Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation of antiparticles as propagating back in time. Accepting this nonintuitive living in 4D spacetime: with present moment being in equilibrium between past and future - minimizing tension as action of Lagrangian, leads to crucial surprising differences from intuitive "evolving 3D" picture - allowing to conclude Bell inequalities, violated by the real physics. Specifically, particle in spacetime becomes own trajectory: 1D submanifold of 4D, making that statistical physics should consider ensembles like Boltzmann distribution among entire paths (like in Ising model), what leads to quantum behavior as we know from Feynman's Euclidean path integrals or similar Maximal Entropy Random Walk (MERW).
Please download the paper and then read the abstract (since crucial formulas are not appearing in this window, and also hyperlinks are not working). This is just a brief overview: Relativity is inside the light cone phenomena, while Quantum Mechanics is outside the light cone phenomena, dictated just by the scale (i.e. whether we use classical/human scale or sub-atomic scale). This recent paper [ ‘ Quantum principle of relativity’; Andrzej Dragan, Artur Ekert, New. J. Phys. 22 (2020) 033098] has shown that every exotic Quantum effect like superposition, entanglement, probabilistic behavior, multiple paths etc. can be explained just by allowing super-luminal possibility. The 'inside the light cone' phenomena, and the 'outside the light cone' phenomena together span the entire region within the space and time axes. Only in unison they complete the entire picture. We failed to realize that the same spacetime is getting split into 'space like' and 'time like’ regions based on scale. And the reason behind this is not the magical ( ? ) speed of light. That would have turned both relativity and quantum mechanics into mere branches of electromagnetism. The true reason is much deeper and at a very fundamental level of our universe. It turns out that the c is the radial expansion velocity of our universe. But why does the transition from Relativity to Quantum Mechanics happens with decreasing size scale? That’s because, this is what is happens to spatial and temporal dimensions at different scales: 3+1 (Classical regime) <=> 2+2 (Compton regime) <=> 1+3 (Planck regime). Just as space and time exchange roles at the event horizon of a Black Hole, similarly, spatial and temporal dimensions switch roles for extremely small scales (although due to a completely different mechanism). Why this happens is difficult to expalin without the true model of our universe. But, once explained, it becomes "Why didn't I think about it before? I was plain silly!" From the center of universe viewpoint, simultaneity is absolute (as demanded by Sagnac effect), and there is indeed absolute universal time (as demanded by quantum mechanics). From our viewpoint (located at an awkward position in the universe), locality is absolute, and velocity c is the upper limit, and remains constant for every observer. This turns (our) space and time into inseparable twins, and makes (our) time a relative concept. This solves the time problem which had so stubbornly resisted the reconciliation of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity are like two sides of the same coin. But understanding the relation between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity is a bit tricky, because according to General Relativity, gravity is the warping/curvature of the 4 dimensional spacetime itself. At first sight, Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity seem to be utterly incompatible! But actually, Special Relativity’s big brother General Relativity only complicates things a bit, but does not become inconsistent with Quantum Mechanics altogether. The only difference between the warped spacetime of General Relativity, and the flat spacetime of Special Relativity is very similar to the difference between a stretched rubber membrane, with and without a metal ball placed on it. This paper does not sacrifice any of the spectacular success of General Relativity and also does not compromise with any of the stunningly accurate predictions of Quantum Mechanics. And yet, this paper harmoniously brings Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity together. Just bear in mind that Nature simply cannot afford to make our two greatest theories incompatible. After all, both General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics were based on what nature was actually telling us, and nature herself would be accountable for any genuine contradiction (but not for the breakdown of our physics due to our misunderstanding!). And, by the way, this paper solves some of the most pressing problems in both Physics & Cosmology. The 'Principle of Least Action' which comes closest to a 'Theory of Everything' arises as a direct consequence of better SpaceTime theory proposed in this paper. Also, we can see why the symmetries of nature (which gives rise to the crucial conservation principles in Physics according to the Noether's theorems) arises in the first place. Gentle reminder: Please download the paper and then read the abstract.
In this paper I will try to convince that quantum mechanics does not have to lead to indeterminism, but is just a natural consequence of four-dimensional na-ture of our world- that for example particles shouldn’t be imagined as ’moving points ’ in space, but as their trajectories in the spacetime like in optimizing action formulation of Lagrangian mechanics. There will be analyzed simplified model-Boltzmann distribution among trajectories occurs to give quantum mechanic like behavior- for example electron moving in proton’s potential would make some con-crete trajectory which average exactly to the probability distribution of the quantum mechanical ground state. We will use this model to build intuition about quantum mechanics and discuss its generalizations to get some effective approximation of physics. We will see that topological excitations of the simplest model obtained this way already creates known from physics particle structure, their decay modes and electromagnetic/gravitational interactions between them. 1
Please download the paper and then read the abstract (since crucial formulas are not appearing in this window, and also hyperlinks are not working). This is just a brief overview: Relativity is inside the light cone phenomena, while Quantum Mechanics is outside the light cone phenomena, dictated just by the scale (i.e. whether we use classical/human scale or sub-atomic scale). This recent paper [ ‘ Quantum principle of relativity’; Andrzej Dragan, Artur Ekert, New. J. Phys. 22 (2020) 033098] has shown that every exotic Quantum effect like superposition, entanglement, probabilistic behavior, multiple paths etc. can be explained just by allowing super-luminal possibility. The 'inside the light cone' phenomena, and the 'outside the light cone' phenomena together span the entire region within the space and time axes. Only in unison they complete the entire picture. We failed to realize that the same spacetime is getting split into 'space like' and 'time like’ regions based on scale. And the reason behind this is not the magical ( ? ) speed of light. That would have turned both relativity and quantum mechanics into mere branches of electromagnetism. The true reason is much deeper and at a very fundamental level of our universe. It turns out that the c is the radial expansion velocity of our universe. But why does the transition from Relativity to Quantum Mechanics happens with decreasing size scale? That’s because, this is what is happens to spatial and temporal dimensions at different scales: 3+1 (Classical regime) <=> 2+2 (Compton regime) <=> 1+3 (Planck regime). Just as space and time exchange roles at the event horizon of a Black Hole, similarly, spatial and temporal dimensions switch roles for extremely small scales (although due to a completely different mechanism). Why this happens is difficult to expalin without the true model of our universe. But, once explained, it becomes "Why didn't I think about it before? I was plain silly!" From the center of universe viewpoint, simultaneity is absolute (as demanded by Sagnac effect), and there is indeed absolute universal time (as demanded by quantum mechanics). From our viewpoint (located at an awkward position in the universe), locality is absolute, and velocity c is the upper limit, and remains constant for every observer. This turns (our) space and time into inseparable twins, and makes (our) time a relative concept. This solves the time problem which had so stubbornly resisted the reconciliation of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity are like two sides of the same coin. But understanding the relation between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity is a bit tricky, because according to General Relativity, gravity is the warping/curvature of the 4 dimensional spacetime itself. At first sight, Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity seem to be utterly incompatible! But actually, Special Relativity’s big brother General Relativity only complicates things a bit, but does not become inconsistent with Quantum Mechanics altogether. The only difference between the warped spacetime of General Relativity, and the flat spacetime of Special Relativity is very similar to the difference between a stretched rubber membrane, with and without a metal ball placed on it. This paper does not sacrifice any of the spectacular success of General Relativity and also does not compromise with any of the stunningly accurate predictions of Quantum Mechanics. And yet, this paper harmoniously brings Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity together. Just bear in mind that Nature simply cannot afford to make our two greatest theories incompatible. After all, both General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics were based on what nature was actually telling us, and nature herself would be accountable for any genuine contradiction (but not for the breakdown of our physics due to our misunderstanding!). And, by the way, this paper solves some of the most pressing problems in both Physics & Cosmology. The 'Principle of Least Action' which comes closest to a 'Theory of Everything' arises as a direct consequence of better SpaceTime theory proposed in this paper. Also, we can see why the symmetries of nature (which gives rise to the crucial conservation principles in Physics according to the Noether's theorems) arises in the first place. Gentle reminder: Please download the paper and then read the abstract.
The Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics are two branches of the nowadays Science of Physics, which are still incompatible. Einstein's Relativity theories, which are the leading acceptable theories of the nowadays Classic Physics, present the Universe as a "Block Universe", in which Time is not a flow of events, where the past vanishes and does not exist anymore, and the future is not yet created. Instead, the "Block Universe" model presents that the past, present and future are all equally real and coexist tenselessly, and everything, the past, present and future are all predefined and engraved in that "Block Universe" model of the Universe. On the other hand, the Quantum Mechanics presents, that the future is created continuously when particles interact with the environment, and the state of each particle is presented by what the Quantum Mechanics denotes as the "Wave Function" which presents the probabilities to find the particle in various locations, such that, before the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, it can actually be in all those locations at once, and only after the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, the "Wave Function Collapses" and the particle "chooses" randomly, to be only in one specific location. Actually, that "Wave Function Collapse" is one of the most mysterious phenomena in Physics. But it seems that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, settled that long debate about it, providing the means to establish that the Quantum Mechanics view on this matter is the correct view and the Classic Physics and Einstein's Relativity theories view on this matter is not correct. Bell's Inequality provided the logic and the mathematics behind this decision, and physicists such as Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, who also won the Nobel prize on that, provided the experimental justification. However, although the above debate was settled, there is also still a need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. The author of this paper refers to additional papers, by the author of this paper, which present significant and reasonable arguments, which argue that the nowadays branch of the Classic Physics might be misleading in how it presents the concept of the Space-Time. These additional papers propose to replace the Einstein's "Block Universe" model of the Universe with an alternate model, of a Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, in which, each Energy might embed its own private Space-Time facet, or attribute, such that each such Space-Time cannot be considered to be a real entity, that really exists in the Universe. And this paper argues, that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, might be also used to support the above-mentioned Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, and this might also fill in the above-mentioned gap, which might be the need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. In addition to the above, the above-mentioned additional papers, also propose additional experiments, based only on the Classic Physics, which if implemented successfully, might provide additional validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe. The support that might be provided to the proposed model, of a Multi-Space-Times of the Universe, by the Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, is still based on the Quantum Mechanics. Thus, because these additional experiments, proposed in the above-mentioned additional papers, are based only on the Classic Physics, this might also provide a lead for further narrowing the gap between the Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics. Thus, an implementation of the above-mentioned experiments, or any other experiments that might provide validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, as presented in the above-mentioned papers, should be an important and a significant endeavor.
The Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics are two branches of the nowadays Science of Physics, which are still incompatible. Einstein's Relativity theories, which are the leading acceptable theories of the nowadays Classic Physics, present the Universe as a "Block Universe", in which Time is not a flow of events, where the past vanishes and does not exist anymore, and the future is not yet created. Instead, the "Block Universe" model presents that the past, present and future are all equally real and coexist tenselessly, and everything, the past, present and future are all predefined and engraved in that "Block Universe" model of the Universe. On the other hand, the Quantum Mechanics presents, that the future is created continuously when particles interact with the environment, and the state of each particle is presented by what the Quantum Mechanics denotes as the "Wave Function" which presents the probabilities to find the particle in various locations, such that, before the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, it can actually be in all those locations at once, and only after the particle is measured, or interacts with the environment, the "Wave Function Collapses" and the particle "chooses" randomly, to be only in one specific location. Actually, that "Wave Function Collapse" is one of the most mysterious phenomena in Physics. But it seems that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, settled that long debate about it, providing the means to establish that the Quantum Mechanics view on this matter is the correct view and the Classic Physics and Einstein's Relativity theories view on this matter is not correct. Bell's Inequality provided the logic and the mathematics behind this decision, and physicists such as Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger, who also won the Nobel prize on that, provided the experimental justification. However, although the above debate was settled, there is also still a need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. The author of this paper refers to additional papers, by the author of this paper, which present significant and reasonable arguments, which argue that the nowadays branch of the Classic Physics might be misleading in how it presents the concept of the Space-Time. These additional papers propose to replace the Einstein's "Block Universe" model of the Universe with an alternate model, of a Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, in which, each Energy might embed its own private Space-Time facet, or attribute, such that each such Space-Time cannot be considered to be a real entity, that really exists in the Universe. And this paper argues, that Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, might be also used to support the above-mentioned Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, and this might also fill in the above-mentioned gap, which might be the need, to understand more precisely, what actually happens in experiments relating to Quantum entangled particles, which is what was tested in Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger experiments. In addition to the above, the above-mentioned additional papers, also propose additional experiments, based only on the Classic Physics, which if implemented successfully, might provide additional validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe. The support that might be provided to the proposed model, of a Multi-Space-Times of the Universe, by the Bell's Theorem, and the experiments that followed it, is still based on the Quantum Mechanics. Thus, because these additional experiments, proposed in the above-mentioned additional papers, are based only on the Classic Physics, this might also provide a lead for further narrowing the gap between the Classic Physics and the Quantum Physics. Thus, an implementation of the above-mentioned experiments, or any other experiments that might provide validity to the proposed Multi-Space-Times model of the Universe, as presented in the above-mentioned papers, should be an important and a significant endeavor.
Einstein held that the formalism of quantum mechanics involves “spooky actions at a distance.” In the 1960s, Bell amplified this by showing that the predictions of quantum mechanics disagree with the results of any locally causal description. It should be appreciated that accepting nonlocal descriptions while retaining causality leads to a clash with relativity. Furthermore, the causal arrow of time by definition contradicts time-reversal symmetry. For these reasons, Wheeler and Feynman, Costa de Beauregard, Cramer, Price, and others have advocated abandoning microscopic causality. In this paper, a simplistic but concrete example of this line of thought is presented, in the form of a retro-causal toy model that is stochastic and provides an appealing description of the quantum correlations discussed by Bell. It is concluded that Einstein’s “spooky actions” may occur “in the past” rather than “at a distance,” resolving the tension between quantum mechanics and relativity and opening unexplored possibilities for future reformulations of quantum mechanics.