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arXiv:0910.1859 · Physical Review Letters

Observability of Quantum Criticality and a Continuous Supersolid in Atomic Gases

Sebastian Diehl, M. Baranov, Andrew J. Daley, P. Zoller

Published Apr 20, 2010• 55 citations
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Abstract

We analyze the Bose-Hubbard model with a three-body hard-core constraint by mapping the system to a theory of two coupled bosonic degrees of freedom. We find striking features that could be observable in experiments, including a quantum Ising critical point on the transition from atomic to dimer superfluidity at unit filling, and a continuous supersolid phase for strongly bound dimers.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.104.165301

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We analyze the Bose-Hubbard model with a three-body hard-core constraint by mapping the system to a theory of two coupled bosonic degrees of freedom. We find striking features that could be observable in experiments, including a quantum Ising critical point on the transition from atomic to dimer superfluidity at unit filling, and a continuous supersolid phase for strongly bound dimers.
We analyze the ground-state phase diagram of attractive lattice bosons, which are stabilized by a three-body onsite hardcore constraint. A salient feature of this model is an Ising-type transition from a conventional atomic superfluid to a dimer superfluid with vanishing atomic condensate. The study builds on an exact mapping of the constrained model to a theory of coupled bosons with polynomial interactions, proposed in a related paper [S. Diehl, M. Baranov, A. Daley, and P. Zoller, Phys. Rev. B 82, 064509 (2010).]. In this framework, we focus by analytical means on aspects of the phase diagram which are intimately connected to interactions, and are thus not accessible in a mean-field plus spin-wave approach. First, we determine shifts in the mean-field phase border, which are most pronounced in the low-density regime. Second, the investigation of the strong coupling limit reveals the existence of a ``continuous supersolid,'' which emerges as a consequence of enhanced symmetries in this regime. We discuss its experimental signatures. Third, we show that the Ising-type phase transition, driven first order via the competition of long-wavelength modes at generic fillings, terminates into a true Ising quantum critical point in the vicinity of half filling.
We examine the equilibrium properties of lattice bosons with attractive on-site interactions in the presence of a three-body hard-core constraint that stabilizes the system against collapse and gives rise to a dimer superfluid phase. Employing quantum Monte Carlo simulations, the ground state phase diagram of this system on the square lattice is analyzed. In particular, we study the quantum phase transition between the atomic and dimer superfluid regime and analyze the nature of the superfluid-insulator transitions. Evidence is provided for the existence of a tricritical point along the saturation transition line, where the transition changes from being first order to a continuous transition of the dilute Bose gas of holes. The Berzinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition from the dimer superfluid to the normal fluid is found to be consistent with an anomalous stiffness jump, as expected from the unbinding of half-vortices.
The effect of nearest-neighbor repulsion on the ground-state phase diagrams of three-body constrained attractive Bose lattice gases is explored numerically. When the repulsion is turned on, in addition to the uniform Mott insulating state and two superfluid phases (the atomic and the dimer superfluids), a dimer checkerboard solid state appears at unit filling, where boson pairs form a solid with checkerboard structure. We find also that the first-order transitions between the uniform Mott insulating state and the atomic superfluid state can be turned into the continuous ones as the repulsion is increased. Moreover, the stability regions of the dimer superfluid phase can be extended to modest values of the hopping parameter by tuning the strength of the repulsion. Our conclusions hence shed light on the search of the dimer superfluid phase in real ultracold Bose gases in optical lattices.
Ultracold atomic gases may be the ultimate quantum simulator.These isolated systems have the lowest temperatures in the observable universe, and their properties and interactions can be precisely and accurately tuned across a full spectrum of behaviors, from few-body physics to highly-correlated many-body effects.The ability to impose potentials on and tune interactions within ultracold gases to mimic complex systems mean they could become a theorist's playground.One of their great strengths, however, is also one of the largest obstacles to this dream: isolation.This thesis touches on both of these themes.First, methods to characterize phases and quantum critical points, and to construct finite temperature phase diagrams using experimentally accessible observables in the Bose Hubbard model are discussed.Then, the transition from a weakly to a strongly interacting Bose-Fermi mixture in the continuum is analyzed using zero temperature numerical techniques.Real materials can be emulated by ultracold atomic gases loaded into optical lattice potentials.We discuss the characteristics of a single boson species trapped in an optical lattice (described by the Bose Hubbard model) and the hallmarks of the quantum critical region that separates the superfluid and the Mott insulator ground states.We propose a method to map the quantum critical region using the single, experimentally accessible, local quantity R, the ratio of compressibility to local number fluctuations.The procedure to map a phase diagram with R is easily generalized to inhomogeneous systems and generic many-body Hamiltonians.We illustrate it here using quantum Monte Carlo simulations of the 2D Bose Hubbard model.Secondly, we investigate the transition from a degenerate Fermi gas weakly coupled List of Tables Table Page 2.1 Techniques to Probe Atoms in Optical Lattices . . . . . .
By means of the method of the effective potential, the phase transitions from the Mott insulating state to either the atomic or the dimer superfluid state in the three-body constrained attractive Bose lattice gas are analyzed. Because of the appearance of the Feshbach resonance coupling between the two kinds of order parameters in the derived Ginzburg-Landau function, it is found that the continuous Mott-insulator--superfluid transitions can be preempted by first-order ones. Since the employed approach can provide accurate predictions of phase boundaries in the strong coupling limit, where the dimer superfluid phase can emerge, our work sheds light on the search of this phase in real ultracold Bose gases in optical lattices.