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arXiv:0910.0205 · Physical Review A

Quantum vortex dynamics in two-dimensional neutral superfluids

C.‐C. Joseph Wang, R. A. Duine, Allan H. MacDonald

Published Jan 12, 2010• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We derive an effective action for the vortex-position degree of freedom in a superfluid by integrating out condensate phase- and density-fluctuation environmental modes. When the quantum dynamics of environmental fluctuations is neglected, we confirm the occurrence of the vortex Magnus force and obtain an expression for the vortex mass. We find that this adiabatic approximation is valid only when the superfluid droplet radius $R$, or the typical distance between vortices, is very much larger than the coherence length $\ensuremath{\xi}$. We go beyond the adiabatic approximation numerically, accounting for the quantum dynamics of environmental modes and capturing their dissipative coupling to condensate dynamics. For the case of an optical-lattice superfluid, we demonstrate that vortex motion damping can be adjusted by tuning the ratio between the tunneling energy $J$ and the on-site interaction energy $U$. We comment on the possibility of realizing vortex-Landau-level physics.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.81.013609

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We derive an effective action for the vortex-position degree of freedom in a superfluid by integrating out condensate phase- and density-fluctuation environmental modes. When the quantum dynamics of environmental fluctuations is neglected, we confirm the occurrence of the vortex Magnus force and obtain an expression for the vortex mass. We find that this adiabatic approximation is valid only when the superfluid droplet radius RRR, or the typical distance between vortices, is very much larger than the coherence length \ensuremathξ\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremathξ. We go beyond the adiabatic approximation numerically, accounting for the quantum dynamics of environmental modes and capturing their dissipative coupling to condensate dynamics. For the case of an optical-lattice superfluid, we demonstrate that vortex motion damping can be adjusted by tuning the ratio between the tunneling energy JJJ and the on-site interaction energy UUU. We comment on the possibility of realizing vortex-Landau-level physics.
We derive an effective action for the vortex-position degree of freedom in a superfluid by integrating out condensate phase- and density-fluctuation environmental modes. When the quantum dynamics of environmental fluctuations is neglected, we confirm the occurrence of the vortex Magnus force and obtain an expression for the vortex mass. We find that this adiabatic approximation is valid only when the superfluid droplet radius R ,o r the typical distance between vortices, is very much larger than the coherence length ξ. We go beyond the adiabatic approximation numerically, accounting for the quantum dynamics of environmental modes and capturing their dissipative coupling to condensate dynamics. For the case of an optical-lattice superfluid, we demonstrate that vortex motion damping can be adjusted by tuning the ratio between the tunneling energy J and the on-site interaction energy U. We comment on the possibility of realizing vortex-Landau-level physics.
We investigate the dynamics of quantized vortices in a model two-dimensional supersolid. Starting from an effective action that captures the dynamics of the superfluid condensate and its coupling to the lattice displacements, we integrate out the low-energy Goldstone modes-the phonons of the solid and the superfluid condensate-to arrive at an effective action for the vortices in the condensate. In the low-velocity limit we calculate the effective inertial mass for the vortices, and we find that the mass has a logarithmic frequency dependence, similar to the inertial mass found in superfluid vortices. The vortex dynamics also includes a Magnus force term in the equation of motion that arises from the Berry phase in the effective action.
Adiabatic effective action for vortices in neutral and charged superfluids at zero temperature are calculated using the topological Landau-Ginzburg theory recently proposed by Hatsuda, Yahikozawa, Ao and Thouless, and vortex dynamics are examined. The Berry phase term arising in the effective action naturally yields the Magnus force in both neutral and charged superfluids. It is shown that in neutral superfluid there is only one degree of freedom, namely the center of vorticities, and the vortex energy is proportional to the sum of all vorticities so that it is finite only for the vanishing total vorticity of the system. On the other hand the effective mass and the vortex energy for a vortex in charged superfluids are defined individually as expected. The effects of the vortex core on these quantities are also estimated. The possible depinning scenario which is governed by the Magnus force and the inertial mass is also discussed.
Starting from the time-dependent version of the Feynman-Hellmann theorem, the Magnus force acting on a vortex in fermion superfluid is expressed via the adiabatic curvature over the space of vortex positions. With use of the Bogoliubov--de Gennes approximation, the Magnus force in a homogeneous superfluid at T=0 is shown to originate from virtual transitions between the lowest quasiparticle core bound states. Nonadiabatic corrections to the curvature are obtained to second order in vortex velocity. The adiabatic approximation is shown to break down at a critical velocity equal to the vortex velocity in the first Landau level. The effect of elastic scattering on the Magnus force is discussed in terms of the relaxation-time approximation. It is suggested that this approximation is appropriate only for a large-scale vortex motion. In this case, the effective Magnus force is drastically reduced when the elastic-scattering rate exceeds the core excitation frequency. We conjecture that quantum vortex tunneling is governed by a local Magnus force obtained from the Berry phase approach.
Dissipation of quantum vortex motion is fundamental to superfluid dynamics and quantum turbulence, yet there is currently a large gap between theory and experiments with ultracold atoms. Here we present a microscopic open quantum systems theory of thermally damped vortex motion in oblate atomic superfluids that includes previously neglected energy-damping interactions between superfluid and thermal atoms. This mechanism couples strongly to vortex core motion and causes dissipation of vortex energy due to mutual friction, as well as Brownian motion of vortices due to thermal fluctuations. We derive an analytic expression for the dimensionless mutual friction coefficient that gives excellent quantitative agreement with experimentally measured values, without any fitted parameters. Our work closes an existing two orders of magnitude gap between dissipation theory and experiments, previously bridged by fitted parameters, and provides a microscopic origin for the mutual friction and diffusion of quantized vortices in two-dimensional atomic superfluids.
An alternative approach to the derivation of the force on a vortex based in an adiabatic approximation in the action of the superfluid system is developed. Assuming that the vortex motion is relatively slow compared with the characteristic times involved in the microscopic degrees of freedom, the effect of the superfluid and its excitations is reduced to a gauge potential, and the associated transverse force. The vortex velocity part of the transverse force is found in terms of the thermal expectation of the angular momentum of the fluid around the vortex. The excitations countercirculate the vortex reducing the effective density to that of the superfluid part only. Non-adiabatic contributions appear in this formalism as a non-Abelian gauge potential connecting different microscopic states, in particular the renormalization of the vortex mass is given by the lowest order diagonal correction to the adiabatic theory, and the long wavelength contributions found to depend only on the static structure factor for the fluid.