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arXiv:0909.4700 · Nature Physics

An ultracold high-density sample of rovibronic ground-state molecules in an optical lattice

Johann Georg Danzl, Manfred J. Mark, Elmar Haller, Mattias Karl Gustavsson, Russell Hart, J. Aldegunde, Jeremy M. Hutson, Hanns‐Christoph Nägerl

Published Feb 21, 2010• 335 citations
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1038/nphys1533

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We produce an ultracold and dense sample of rovibronic ground state Cs 2 molecules close to the regime of quantum degeneracy, in a single hyperfine level, in the presence of an optical lattice. The molecules are individually trapped, in the motional ground state of an optical lattice well, with a lifetime of 8 s. For preparation, we start with a zero-temperature atomic Mott-insulator state with optimized double-site occupancy and efficiently associate weakly-bound dimer molecules on a Feshbach resonance. Despite extremely weak Franck-Condon wavefunction overlap, the molecules are subsequently transferred with >50% efficiency to the rovibronic ground state by a stimulated four-photon process. Our results present a crucial step towards the generation of Bose-Einstein condensates of ground-state molecules and, when suitably generalized to polar heteronuclear molecules such as RbCs, the realization of dipolar many-body quantum-gas phases in periodic potentials.
One possibility for the creation of ultracold, high phase space density quantum gases of molecules in the rovibronic ground state relies on first associating weakly-bound molecules from quantum-degenerate atomic gases on a Feshbach resonance and then transferring the molecules via several steps of coherent two-photon stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) into the rovibronic ground state. Here, in ultracold samples of Cs2 Feshbach molecules produced out of ultracold samples of Cs atoms, we observe several optical transitions to deeply-bound rovibrational levels of the excited 0(u)+ molecular potentials with high resolution. At least one of these transitions, although rather weak, allows efficient STIRAP transfer into the deeply-bound vibrational level (see text for symbols)v = 73 > of the singlet X1 sigma(g)+ ground state potential, as recently demonstrated (J. G. Danzl, E. Haller, M. Gustavsson, M. J. Mark, R. Hart, N. Bouloufa, O. Dulieu, H. Ritsch, and H.-C. Nägerl, Science, 2008, 321, 1062). From this level, the rovibrational ground state (see text for symbols)v = 0, J = 0 > can be reached with one more transfer step. In total, our results show that coherent ground state transfer for Cs2 is possible using a maximum of two successive two-photon STIRAP processes or one single four-photon STIRAP process.
We determine trapping conditions for ultracold polar molecules, where pairs of internal states experience identical trapping potentials. Such conditions could ensure that detrimental effects of inevitable inhomogeneities across an ultracold sample are significantly reduced. In particular, we investigate the internal rovibronic and hyperfine quantum states of ultracold fermionic ground-state 40K87Rb polar molecules, when static magnetic, static electric and trapping laser fields are simultaneously applied. Understanding the effect of changing the relative orientation or polarisation of these three fields is of crucial importance for the creation of decoherence-free subspaces built from two or more rovibronic states. Moreover, we evaluate the induced dipole moment of the molecule in the presence of these fields, which will allow control of interactions between molecules in different sites of an optical lattice, and study the influence of the interaction anisotropy on the ability to entangle polar molecules.