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arXiv:0908.3237 · Optics Letters

Switching a plasmalike metamaterial via embedded resonant atoms exhibiting electromagnetically induced transparency

Sangeeta Chakrabarti, S. Anantha Ramakrishna, Harshawardhan Wanare

Published Nov 26, 2009• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We theoretically demonstrate control of the plasmalike effective response of a metamaterial composed of aligned metallic nanorods when the electric field of the incident radiation is parallel to the nanorods. By embedding this metamaterial in a coherent atomic/molecular medium, for example, silver nanorod arrays submerged in sodium vapor, we can make the metamaterial transmittive in the forbidden frequency region below its plasma frequency. This phenomenon is enabled by having Lorentz absorbers or other coherent processes in the background medium, which provide a large positive dielectric permittivity in the vicinity of the resonance, thereby rendering the effective permittivity positive. In particular, processes such as electromagnetically induced transparency are shown to provide additional control to switch and tune the new transmission bands.

DOI
10.1364/ol.34.003728

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We theoretically demonstrate control of the plasmalike effective response of a metamaterial composed of aligned metallic nanorods when the electric field of the incident radiation is parallel to the nanorods. By embedding this metamaterial in a coherent atomic/molecular medium, for example, silver nanorod arrays submerged in sodium vapor, we can make the metamaterial transmittive in the forbidden frequency region below its plasma frequency. This phenomenon is enabled by having Lorentz absorbers or other coherent processes in the background medium, which provide a large positive dielectric permittivity in the vicinity of the resonance, thereby rendering the effective permittivity positive. In particular, processes such as electromagnetically induced transparency are shown to provide additional control to switch and tune the new transmission bands.
We theoretically demonstrate the possibility of dynamically controlling the response of metamaterials at optical frequencies using the well known phenomenon of coherent control. Our results predict a variety of effects ranging from dramatic reduction of losses associated with the resonant response of metamaterials to switchable ultraslow to superluminal propagation of pulses governed by the magnetic field of the incident wave. These effects, generic to all metamaterials having a resonant response, involve embedding the metamaterial in resonant dispersive coherent atomic/molecular media. These effects may be utilized for narrow band switching applications and detectors for radiation below predetermined cut-off frequencies.
Quantum theory is expected to govern the electromagnetic properties of a quantum metamaterial, an artificially fabricated medium composed of many quantum objects acting as artificial atoms. Propagation of electromagnetic waves through such a medium is accompanied by excitations of intrinsic quantum transitions within individual meta-atoms and modes corresponding to the interactions between them. Here we demonstrate an experiment in which an array of double-loop type superconducting flux qubits is embedded into a microwave transmission line. We observe that in a broad frequency range the transmission coefficient through the metamaterial periodically depends on externally applied magnetic field. Field-controlled switching of the ground state of the meta-atoms induces a large suppression of the transmission. Moreover, the excitation of meta-atoms in the array leads to a large resonant enhancement of the transmission. We anticipate possible applications of the observed frequency-tunable transparency in superconducting quantum networks.
Optical materials exhibit significant losses over the resonance frequency of their constituent atoms and so they are practically implemented at frequencies far from resonances. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) provides a method for effective suppression of optical loss in a narrow window over the resonance, where the medium exhibits significant dispersion but at the expense of zero susceptibility. The classical or plasmonic analogs of the EIT effect are introduced and widely used in the context of electromagnetic or optical metamaterials (MMs). In another interesting phenomenon in quantum optics known as enhancement of index of refraction (EIR), the optical loss of the medium can be zero or even negative at the region of maximal susceptibility and negligible dispersion. This condition is interesting for applications where a strong electromagnetic response of the medium with negligible loss is required, such as zero- or negative-index metamaterials (MMs). Here we introduce a plasmonic analog of the EIR which allows for coherent control over the polarizability and absorption of plasmonic nanoantennas. It can open up the way for loss-compensated propagation of optical waves in zero-index to high-refractive-index plasmonic MMs. The scheme also offers an approach to all-optical switching and coherent control of transmission, diffraction, and polarization conversion properties of plasmonic nanostructures, as well as propagation properties of surface plasmon polaritons on metasurfaces.
Two independent significant developments have challenged our understanding of light-matter interaction, one, involves the artificially structured materials known as metamaterials, and the other, relates to the coherent control of quantum systems via the quantum interference route. We theoretically demonstrate that one can engineer the electromagnetic response of composite metamaterials using coherent quantum interference effects. In particular, we predict that these composite materials can show a variety of effects ranging from dramatic reduction of losses to switchable ultraslow-to-superluminal pulse propagation. We propose parametric control of the metamaterials by active tuning of the capacitance of the structures, which is most efficiently engineered by embedding the metamaterial structures within a coherent atomic/molecular medium. This leads to dramatic frequency dependent features, such as significantly reduced dissipation accompanied by enhanced filling fraction. For a Split-ring resonator medium with magnetic properties, the associated splitting of the negative permeability band can be exploited for narrow band switching applications at near infrared frequencies involving just a single layer of such composite metamaterials.
We demonstrate theoretically that electromagnetically induced transparency can be achieved in metamaterials, in which electromagnetic radiation is interacting resonantly with mesoscopic oscillators rather than with atoms. We describe novel metamaterial designs that can support a full dark resonant state upon interaction with an electromagnetic beam and we present results of its frequency-dependent effective permeability and permittivity. These results, showing a transparency window with extremely low absorption and strong dispersion, are confirmed by accurate simulations of the electromagnetic field propagation in the metamaterial.
In this work, a combination of gaseous plasma media and metamaterials is employed to achieve active control of electromagnetic waves in the microwave regime for realizing an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) response. A reconfigurable plasma device integrated with metallic resonators is investigated, in which the ionization state of the enclosed gas is controlled for active modulation of the coupling conditions. Strong reflection is observed in the frequency range of 2.17-2.61 GHz (at −1 dB), while a high quality factor (Q), a sharp transmission band is obtained at 2.45 GHz with a bandwidth of 33 MHz (fractional bandwidth of 1.35%), corresponding to a quality factor of approximately 74.2. This approach demonstrates a promising pathway toward the development of real-time and tunable devices based on EIT principles.