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arXiv:0906.3195 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

Time asymptotics and entanglement generation of Clifford quantum cellular automata

Johannes Gütschow, Sonja Uphoff, Reinhard F. Werner, Zoltán Zimborás

Published Jan 1, 2010• 53 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We consider Clifford quantum cellular automata (CQCAs) and their time-evolution. CQCAs are an especially simple type of quantum cellular automata, yet they show complex asymptotics and can even be a basic ingredient for universal quantum computation. In this work we study the time evolution of different classes of CQCAs. We distinguish between periodic CQCAs, fractal CQCAs, and CQCAs with gliders. We then identify invariant states and study convergence properties of classes of states, such as quasifree and stabilizer states. Finally, we consider the generation of entanglement analytically and numerically for stabilizer and quasifree states.

DOI
10.1063/1.3278513

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We consider Clifford quantum cellular automata (CQCAs) and their time-evolution. CQCAs are an especially simple type of quantum cellular automata, yet they show complex asymptotics and can even be a basic ingredient for universal quantum computation. In this work we study the time evolution of different classes of CQCAs. We distinguish between periodic CQCAs, fractal CQCAs, and CQCAs with gliders. We then identify invariant states and study convergence properties of classes of states, such as quasifree and stabilizer states. Finally, we consider the generation of entanglement analytically and numerically for stabilizer and quasifree states.
We study reversible quantum cellular automata with the restriction that these are also Clifford operations. This means that tensor products of Pauli operators (or discrete Weyl operators) are mapped to tensor products of Pauli operators. Therefore Clifford quantum cellular automata are induced by symplectic cellular automata in phase space. We characterize these symplectic cellular automata and find that all possible local rules must be, up to some global shift, reflection invariant with respect to the origin. In the one-dimensional (1D) case we also find that every uniquely determined and translationally invariant stabilizer state can be prepared from a product state by a single Clifford cellular automaton time step, thereby characterizing this class of stabilizer states, and we show that all 1D Clifford quantum cellular automata are generated by a few elementary operations. We also show that the correspondence between translationally invariant stabilizer states and translationally invariant Clifford operations holds for periodic boundary conditions.
Measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) is a paradigm for quantum computation where computation is driven by local measurements on a suitably entangled resource state. In this work we show that MBQC is related to a model of quantum computation based on Clifford quantum cellular automata (CQCAs). Specifically, we show that certain MBQCs can be directly constructed from CQCAs which yields a simple and intuitive circuit model representation of MBQC in terms of quantum computation based on CQCA. We apply this description to construct various MBQC-based Ans\"atze for parametrized quantum circuits, demonstrating that the different Ans\"atze may lead to significantly different performances on different learning tasks. In this way, MBQC yields a family of hardware-efficient Ans\"atze that may be adapted to specific problem settings and are particularly well suited for architectures with translationally invariant gates such as neutral atoms.
We report here on the structure of reversible quantum cellular automata with the additional restriction that these are also Clifford operations. This means that tensor products of Weyl operators (projective representation of a finite abelian symplectic group) are mapped to multiples of tensor products of Weyl operators. Therefore Clifford quantum cellular automata are induced by symplectic cellular automata in phase space. We characterize these symplectic cellular automata and find that all possible local rules must be, up to some global shift, reflection-invariant with respect to the origin. In the one-dimensional case we also find that all 1D Clifford quantum cellular automata are generated by a few elementary operations.
We define quantum cellular automata as infinite quantum lattice systems with discrete time dynamics, such that the time step commutes with lattice translations and has strictly finite propagation speed. In contrast to earlier definitions this allows us to give an explicit characterization of all local rules generating such automata. The same local rules also generate the global time step for automata with periodic boundary conditions. Our main structure theorem asserts that any quantum cellular automaton is structurally reversible, i.e., that it can be obtained by applying two blockwise unitary operations in a generalized Margolus partitioning scheme. This implies that, in contrast to the classical case, the inverse of a nearest neighbor quantum cellular automaton is again a nearest neighbor automaton. We present several construction methods for quantum cellular automata, based on unitaries commuting with their translates, on the quantization of (arbitrary) reversible classical cellular automata, on quantum circuits, and on Clifford transformations with respect to a description of the single cells by finite Weyl systems. Moreover, we indicate how quantum random walks can be considered as special cases of cellular automata, namely by restricting a quantum lattice gas automaton with local particle number conservation to the single particle sector.
Complexity is an intuitively recognized feature of nature, but where does it come from? Is complexity only apparent at the classical level, or can it be found at the underlying quantum level as well? We approach these questions by exploring models consistent with basic quantum theory but which also hold promise for exhibiting complex behaviors  – a set of models we call the quantum elementary cellular automata (QECA). Previously, various quantum cellular automata models have been studied for both their quantum information theoretic properties and their ability to simulate key physics equations like the Schrodinger and Dirac equations. We take the unique approach of analyzing QECA as complexity-generating systems. Doing so requires a more precise notion of what we mean by complex. This is done by proposing nine axes of complexity along which the complexity of any system may be quantified. When applied to QECA, we find evidence of complexity using three of these axes, namely diversity, persistent dynamical macrostates, and connectivity. The studies presented are numerical simulations done without approximation using highly optimized exact diagonalization code which supports a Hilbert space of up to 2^27 dimensions. The code is written entirely in the high-level open source programming language Python, making it easily expandable to future projects requiring exact simulation of quantum systems. A careful description of an algorithm critical to our method as well as our use of high performance computing resources on a cluster supercomputer is given. Powerful quantifiers of entanglement and connectivity such as von Neumann entropy and complex network measures computed on quantum mutual information adjacency matrices provide analysis tools for the simulations. Each network measure is defined then tested on well-characterized entangled states from quantum information theory, like the GHZ and W states and singlet state arrays. The network measures known as network density, clustering coefficient, and disparity are specifically considered. We find these network measures offer unique information regarding the structure of two point correlations in the states produced by QECA dynamics, as compared to each other and as quantified by a principal component analysis. Using such measures, we address the complexity of QECA models at three levels of specificity. First, a broad analysis of tens of thousands of simulations gives an overview of the variety of dynamics available to the models. We quantify the diversity of our simulations as the density of simulations which appear, on average, unlike typical entangled quantum states. Second, a more selective analysis identifies QECA by their complexity dynamics, in the frequency domain. A few QECA which exhibit persistent dynamical macrostates in the form of highly structured entanglement are also described. Entanglement dynamics are quantified by the distribution of changes in bond entropy (the von Neumann entropy of all bipartitionings of the QECA system). Finally, we take a detailed…
We study the ergodic properties of a unitary Floquet dynamics arising from the repeated application of a translationally-invariant Clifford Quantum Cellular Automata to an infinite system of qubits in d dimensions. One expects that if the QCA does not exhibit any periodicity, a generic initial state of qubits will thermalize, that is, approach the infinite-temperature state. We show that this is true for many classes of states, both pure and mixed. In particular, this is true for all initial states that are short-range entangled and close to the equilibrium state. We also point out a subtle distinction between weak and strong thermalization.