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arXiv:0905.4750 · Physical Review A

Transport of ultracold Bose gases beyond the Gross-Pitaevskii description

Thomas Ernst, Tobias Paul, Peter Schlagheck

Published Jan 29, 2010• 30 citations
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Abstract

We explore atom-laser-like transport processes of ultracold Bose-condensed atomic vapors in mesoscopic waveguide structures beyond the Gross-Pitaevskii mean-field theory. Based on a microscopic description of the transport process in the presence of a coherent source that models the outcoupling from a reservoir of perfectly Bose-Einstein condensed atoms, we derive a system of coupled quantum evolution equations that describe the dynamics of a dilute condensed Bose gas in the framework of the Hartree-Fock--Bogoliubov approximation. We apply this method to study the transport of dilute Bose gases through an atomic quantum dot and through waveguides with disorder. Our numerical simulations reveal that the onset of an explicitly time-dependent flow corresponds to the appearance of strong depletion of the condensate on the microscopic level and leads to a loss of global phase coherence.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.81.013631

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We explore atom-laser-like transport processes of ultracold Bose-condensed atomic vapors in mesoscopic waveguide structures beyond the Gross-Pitaevskii mean-field theory. Based on a microscopic description of the transport process in the presence of a coherent source that models the outcoupling from a reservoir of perfectly Bose-Einstein condensed atoms, we derive a system of coupled quantum evolution equations that describe the dynamics of a dilute condensed Bose gas in the framework of the Hartree-Fock--Bogoliubov approximation. We apply this method to study the transport of dilute Bose gases through an atomic quantum dot and through waveguides with disorder. Our numerical simulations reveal that the onset of an explicitly time-dependent flow corresponds to the appearance of strong depletion of the condensate on the microscopic level and leads to a loss of global phase coherence.
We study the coherent flow of interacting Bose-condensed atoms in mesoscopic waveguide geometries. Analytical and numerical methods, based on the mean-field description of the condensate, are developed to study both stationary as well as time-dependent propagation processes. We apply these methods to the propagation of a condensate through an atomic quantum dot in a waveguide, discuss the nonlinear transmission spectrum and show that resonant transport is generally suppressed due to an interaction-induced bistability phenomenon. Finally, we establish a link between the nonlinear features of the transmission spectrum and the self-consistent quasibound states of the quantum dot.
This thesis presents investigations on the interplay of coherence and many-body effects in the quasi one-dimensional transport of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) through scattering potentials. Such configurations can be realized with guided atom lasers that provide a coherent atomic beam. An exact theoretical description of the dynamics is out of reach due to the presence atom-atom interactions. Different levels of approximations are nevertheless possible with their strengths and weaknesses. The mean-field approximation, where the dynamics of the BEC is governed by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation, is most commonly used in the field of ultracold atoms. In this thesis the truncated Wigner method is used to go beyond the standard Gross-Pitaevskii description. This method is adapted in order to study the scattering of Bose-Einstein condensates in one-dimensional waveguides where atom-atom interactions and external potentials are nonvanishing only in a finite region of space. In this case, the truncated Wigner method is combined with the smooth exterior complex scaling method and incorporates quantum noise that originate from the vacuum fluctuations in the waveguide. Inelastic scattering is shown to play a major role in the resonant transport of BEC through a symmetric double potential barrier effectively forming an atomic quantum dot. Indeed, fully resonant transmission is prohibited and incoherent atoms as well as collective oscillations are detected in the transmitted beam. It is also shown that inelastic scattering destroys Anderson localization in the case of transport through disordered potentials. The classical (incoherent) ohmic transmission is recovered for finite atom-atom interactions. The validity of the truncated Wigner method is then assessed using the semiclassical van Vleck-Gutzwiller propagator in the Fock space of the many-body system. It is shown that the truncated Wigner method corresponds to the so-called diagonal approximation, and it is possible to identify the leading correction to the truncated Wigner results, which is provided by the so-called coherent backscattering (CBS) contribution. Coherent basckattering in Fock space is a genuine quantum many-body effect that lies beyond the reach of any mean-field approach. For the case of closed Bose-Hubbard models, the relevance of CBS is confirmed by numerically comparing the (classical) truncated Wigner evolution probabilities to the exact quantum probabilities in Bose-Hubbard models: While a CBS-induced enhancement of the return probability to the initial state is clearly seen in the exact quantum simulations of the bosonic many-body system, this enhancement is absent in the classical calculations. The magnitude and dependence of the CBS contribution on gauge fields, which break time-reversal invariance, is numerically confirmed. For the case of disordered open systems, it can be shown that this contribution as well as next-to leading order contributions vanish thereby confirming the validity of the truncated Wigner method.
[EN] In this work, we have studied a dilute and ultracold bosonic gas of weakly interacting atoms, \ni.e. a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) by means of the Modi ed Gross-Pitaevskii equation \n(MGPE) taking into account beyond-mean- eld corrections due to quantum \nuctuations. We \nhave considered the case where the cloud of atoms is strongly con ned transversally (within a \ncigar-shaped trap) and therefore, the three-dimensional (3D) MGPE is reduced to an e ective \none-dimensional (1D) form by averaging over the transverse coordinates. Based on this approach, \nwe have performed numerical simulations for analyzing the behavior of the BEC under the \nin \nuence of quantum \nuctuations, which give rise to an additional nonlinear quartic term. After \nreviewing the mathematical theory of Bose-Einstein condensation based on the GPE and the \nnumerical methods used to integrate it we discuss the computation of the ground state and the \nsimulation of its dynamic evolution in a waveguide (free expansion).
We study the one-dimensional (1D) transport properties of an ultracold gas of Bose-Einstein condensed atoms through Aharonov-Bohm (AB) rings. Our system consists of a BoseEinstein condensate (BEC) that is outcoupled from a magnetic trap into a 1D waveguide which is made of two semiinfinite leads that join a ring geometry exposed to a magnetic flux φ. We specifically investigate the effects of a small atom-atom contact interaction strength on the AB oscillations. The main numerical tools that we use for this purpose are a mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) description and the truncated Wigner (tW) method. The latter allows for the description of incoherent transport and corresponds to a classical sampling of the evolution of the quantum bosonic many-body state through effective GP trajectories. We find that resonant transmission peaks move with an increasing interaction strength and can be suppressed for sufficiently strong interaction. We also observe that the coherent transmission blockade due to destructive interference at the AB flux φ = π is very robust with respect to the interaction strength. Aharonov-Bohm rings • Toroidal optical dipole trap Sheet beam Laguerre-Gaussian beam LG10 [1] Vlatt
In experiments, Bose-Einstein condensates are prepared by cooling a dilute Bose gas in a trap. After the phase transition has been reached, the trap is switched off and the evolution of the condensate observed. The evolution is macroscopically described by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. On the microscopic level, the dynamics of Bose gases are described by the NNN-body Schrödinger equation. We review our article [BdS12] in which we construct a class of initial data in Fock space which are energetically close to the ground state and prove that their evolution approximately follows the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The key idea is to model two-particle correlations with a Bogoliubov transformation.