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arXiv:0905.0052 · Physical Review A

Optimized control of Stark-shift-chirped rapid adiabatic passage in a Λ -type three-level system

Johann-Heinrich Schönfeldt, Jason Twamley, S. Rebić

Published Oct 1, 2009• 13 citations
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Abstract

Inhomogeneous broadening of energy levels is one of the principal limiting factors for achieving ``slow'' or ``stationary'' light in solid-state media by means of electromagnetically induced transparency, a quantum version of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). Stark-shift-chirped rapid adiabatic-passage (SCRAP) has been shown to be far less sensitive to inhomogeneous broadening than STIRAP, a population transfer technique to which it is closely related. We further optimize the pulses used in SCRAP to be even less sensitive to inhomogeneous broadening in a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type three-level system. The optimized pulses perform at a higher fidelity than the standard Gaussian pulses for a wide range of detunings (i.e., large inhomogeneous broadening).

DOI
10.1103/physreva.80.043401

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Physical Review A•Sep 10, 2008•23 citations
Inhomogeneous broadening of energy levels is one of the principal limiting factors for achieving slow'' or stationary'' light in solid-state media by means of electromagnetically induced transparency, a quantum version of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). Stark-shift-chirped rapid adiabatic-passage (SCRAP) has been shown to be far less sensitive to inhomogeneous broadening than STIRAP, a population transfer technique to which it is closely related. We further optimize the pulses used in SCRAP to be even less sensitive to inhomogeneous broadening in a \ensuremathΛ\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremathΛ-type three-level system. The optimized pulses perform at a higher fidelity than the standard Gaussian pulses for a wide range of detunings (i.e., large inhomogeneous broadening).
We show that the technique of Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passage (SCRAP), hitherto used for complete population transfer between two quantum states, offers a simple and robust method for complete population transfer amongst three states in atoms and molecules. In this case SCRAP uses three laser pulses: a strong far-off-resonant pulse modifies the transition frequencies by inducing dynamic Stark shifts and thereby creating time-dependent level crossings amongst the three diabatic states, while near-resonant and moderately strong pump and Stokes pulses, appropriately offset in time, drive the population between the initial and final states via adiabatic passage. The population transfer efficiency is robust to variations in the intensities of the lasers, as long as these intensities are sufficiently large to enforce adiabatic evolution. With suitable pulse timings the population in the (possibly decaying) intermediate state can be minimized, as with stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). This technique applies to one-photon as well as multiphoton transitions and it is also applicable to media exhibiting inhomogeneous broadening; these features represent clear advantages over STIRAP by overcoming the inevitable dynamical Stark shifts that accompany multiphoton transitions as well as unwanted detunings, e.g., induced by Doppler shifts.
We propose the use of the Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passage (SCRAP) method to induce a complete population transfer in a nonlinear three-level Λ-type system (nl-SCRAP). We also use the nl-SCRAP method for creating stable diatomic ground molecular Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) from atomic BECs. In this three-laser technique the pump and Stokes pulses are slightly detuned from transition frequencies, and a third strong hyperbolic-tangent laser pulse induces dynamic Stark shifts of the relevant transitions and compensates for third-order nonlinearities. If the timing of the three pulses is appropriately chosen, the nonlinear quantum system is prepared to almost complete population inversion between the two lower states in the Λ-like scheme. The paper shows that the efficiency of the nl-SCRAP is higher than the nonlinear stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (nl-STIRAP) technique, and this method can be used in one-photon as well as multi-photon transitions. The transfer process is robust concerning fluctuations of experimental parameters, such as peak Rabi frequencies, the time delay between pulses, and static detunings.
We show that the technique of Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passage (SCRAP), can be implemented in tripod quantum systems. We propose a scheme for coherent superposition among two ground states via Stark-shiftchirped rapid adiabatic passage technique in a tripod system. Tripod-SCRAP uses four laser pulses: an intense far-off-resonance Stark laser pulse modifies the transition frequency between the states by Stark shifting their energies and three nearly resonant pump, Stokes, and control laser pulses that fractionally transfer the population between the ground states via adiabatic passage. In our scheme, the pulse duration of the pump pulse must be larger than the pulse duration of the Stokes and control pulses, although with a smaller amplitude, and the atom encounters with the pump, Stokes, control, and Stark laser pulses with counterintuitive order (Stokes pulse arrives before the rest of the pulses). This technique can be applied to one-photon as well as multiphoton transitions and it is not necessary to vanish the pulses (pump and Stokes) simultaneously and it is a powerful alternative tool for f-STIRAP and tripod-STIRAP techniques at least when inhomogeneous broadenings are included. inhomogeneous broadening. This technique is robust against moderate variations in the intensities of the laser pulses,in detunings, and in delays between the pulses.
Aim The Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passage(SCRAP) is studied in a Λ-three-level states system.Methods Level-crossing technique and dressed states theory are used.Results SCRAP uses chiefly an intense far off resonance Stark laser pulse,which modifies the transition frequency and resonates with the Bohr transition frequency for two level crossings.Conclusion A population-transfer maximal efficiency approaching unity is provided from the ground state to the excited state,when the delay of the Stark-shifting pulse is strong at one of these crossings and is weak at second one.
We present the experimental demonstration of a novel, efficient, and selective technique to prepare population inversion. The technique is an extension of Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passage (SCRAP), i.e., SCRAP among three states. In this process a Lambda-type quantum system is driven by two laser pulses, the pump and Stokes pulses, which are appropriately detuned from transition frequencies. A third laser pulse induces a dynamic Stark shift in the upper energy level, and the timing of all three pulses is controlled in order to prepare population inversion between the two lower states in the Lambda-type level scheme. Our data on population transfer in nitric oxide (NO) molecules clearly show that SCRAP among three states provides an advantageous alternative to such techniques as stimulated Raman adiabatic passage.
We present extended experimental investigations and numerical studies on coherently driven population inversion in a three-state molecular quantum system by sequential double-Stark-chirped rapid adiabatic passage (SCRAP) (D-SCRAP) and three-state-SCRAP (T-SCRAP). D-SCRAP and T-SCRAP are alternative extensions of SCRAP. In D-SCRAP and T-SCRAP, a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type quantum system is coherently driven by two laser pulses, the pump and Stokes pulses, which are slightly detuned from transition frequencies. A third strong laser pulse induces dynamic Stark shifts of the relevant transitions. If the timing of the three pulses is appropriately chosen, the quantum system is prepared to almost complete population inversion between the two lower states in the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type level scheme. The transfer process is robust with regard to fluctuations of experimental parameters, provided some limitations are met. The paper presents convincing experimental data on D-SCRAP and T-SCRAP, driving efficient and selective population transfer to a highly excited vibrational level in nitrous oxide (NO) molecules. T-SCRAP yields transfer efficiencies of up to 95%. The efficiency of T-SCRAP is almost uneffected by the limited lifetime of the intermediate state in the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ system. The paper also presents data on the accurate experimental determination of Rabi frequencies and Stark shifts. This involves measurements of power broadening, Autler-Townes splittings, and Stark-shifted spectral lines in NO molecules. Moreover, we discuss the calibration of absolute transfer efficiences by comparison with stimulated emission pumping. The experimental data are confirmed by extended numerical simulations. The simulations also serve to intensively study the properties and dynamics of D-SCRAP and T-SCRAP.