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arXiv:0904.4666 · Journal of Mathematical Physics

Many worlds and modality in the interpretation of quantum mechanics: An algebraic approach

Graciela Domenech, Héctor Freytes, Christian DE RONDE

Published Jul 1, 2009• 8 citations
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Abstract

Many world interpretations (MWIs) of quantum mechanics avoid the measurement problem by considering every term in the quantum superposition as actual. A seemingly opposed solution is proposed by modal interpretations (MIs) which state that quantum mechanics does not provide an account of what “actually is the case,” but rather deals with what “might be the case,” i.e., with possibilities. In this paper we provide an algebraic framework which allows us to analyze in depth the modal aspects of MWI. Within our general formal scheme we also provide a formal comparison between MWI and MI, in particular, we provide a formal understanding of why—even though both interpretations share the same formal structure—MI fall pray of Kochen–Specker-type contradictions while MWI escape them.

DOI
10.1063/1.3177454

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Many world interpretations (MWIs) of quantum mechanics avoid the measurement problem by considering every term in the quantum superposition as actual. A seemingly opposed solution is proposed by modal interpretations (MIs) which state that quantum mechanics does not provide an account of what “actually is the case,” but rather deals with what “might be the case,” i.e., with possibilities. In this paper we provide an algebraic framework which allows us to analyze in depth the modal aspects of MWI. Within our general formal scheme we also provide a formal comparison between MWI and MI, in particular, we provide a formal understanding of why—even though both interpretations share the same formal structure—MI fall pray of Kochen–Specker-type contradictions while MWI escape them.
In this article we discuss the contextual character of quantum mechanics in the framework of modal interpretations. We investigate its historical origin and relate contemporary modal interpretations to those proposed by M. Born and W. Heisenberg. We present then a general characterization of what we consider to be a modal interpretation. Following previous papers in which we have introduced modalities in the Kochen-Specker theorem, we investigate the consequences of these theorems in relation to the modal interpretations of quantum mechanics.
The basic contributions to the concept of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics are analysed. It is found necessary to divide them into two classes corresponding to (a) the relative-states interpretation (RSI), which avoids problems of measurement, but is found generally unconvincing, and (b) the many-worlds interpretation (MWI), which is more comprehensible, but has all the problems of the von Neumann scheme. The EPR problem is tackled using each interpretation. The RSI finds no problem, while the MWI meets the same difficulties as conventional interpretations.
The modal interpretation explained here construes the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics in terms of physical properties (``be-ables,'' ``existents'') in such a way that the property attribution reflects the mathematical structure as much as possible---no additional structure is superimposed on the formalism. We generalize the interpretation by specifying a dynamics of physical properties, and also extend it while replying to recent objections by Albert and Loewer 2 [Proceedings of the 1990 Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, edited by A. Fine, M. Forbes, and L. Wessels (Philosophy of Science Association, East Lansing, MI, 1990), Vol. 1, p. 277], and by Elby [Found. Phys. Lett. 6, 5 (1993)]. I also discuss questions relating to relativistic aspects and casuality.
The articles provides a phenomenological reading of the Many-Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics and its answer to the measurement problem, or the question of “why only one of a wave function’s probable values is observed when the system is measured.” Transcendental-phenomenological and hermeneutic-phenomenological approaches are employed. The project comprises four parts. Parts one and two review MWI and the standard (Copenhagen) interpretation of quantum mechanics. Part three reviews the phenomenologies. Part four deconstructs the hermeneutics of MWI. It agrees with the confidence the theory derives from its (1) unforgiving appropriation of the Schrödinger equation and (2) association of branching universes with the evolution of the wave function insofar as that understanding comes from the formalism itself. Part four also reveals the hermeneutical shortcomings of the standard interpretation.
n their contribution to this book, McQueen and Vaidman argue that common sense requires that explanations in physics be not only causal1 but also local. Their main claim is that the Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics (originally due to Everett) provides local explanations of the outcomes of experiments that in other interpretations of quantum mechanics seem to require (some sort of) nonlocality. Particles in the MWI leave traces both in the world where they exist but also in other worlds in which they do not exist. So the explanation is said to be local because spacetime splits together with the particles so that there is no influence at space-like separation within a world, but the causal influence literally travels across ‘parallel’ worlds. This seems to stretch the concept of locality beyond common sense, if not beyond breaking point, even if one understands causation weakly in terms of counterfactual dependence rather than by straightforward physical interaction.
This doctoral dissertation contains four main elements: \n \n1. We put forward an interpretational map of quantum mechanics in general and of the modal interpretation in particular based on metaphysical and anti-metaphysical stances. \n \n2. In contraposition to what we characterize as the anti-metaphysical and classical metaphysical \n \nstances we collect arguments in favor of a constructive metaphysical stance. \n \n3. We analyze the meaning of contextuality and possibility in quantum theory in general, and in the modal interpretation in particular. \n \n4. Finally, we end up with a proposal for the development of a possible constructive metaphysical scheme based on the notion of potentiality. \n \nAlthough some of these problems are well known in the literature we attempt to cast new light on the discussion through the analysis of the concepts involved and their relation to the formalism. We attempt to make explicit the tension in between the theoretical conditions and the conceptual structure of the theory, in order to discuss and disclose the metaphysical ideas involved within the different interpretational problems of quantum mechanics. We believe that this analysis can help us to understand much of the implicit background of such theoretical conditions. \n \nThe dissertation centers itself on the modal and contextual character of quantum mechanics. On the one hand, we discuss the contextual character of quantum possibility through the development of a Modal Kochen-Specker theorem, and on the other hand, we analyze the contextual character of quantum correlations through the distinction of properties. In the last part we discuss some more speculative ideas related to the possible metaphysical developments of quantum mechanics based on the notion of potentiality.