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arXiv:0904.4151 · Physical Review A

Simulation of interacting fermions with entanglement renormalization

Philippe Corboz, Glen Evenbly, Frank Verstraete, Guifré Vidal

Published Jan 21, 2010• 134 citations
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Abstract

We propose an algorithm to simulate interacting fermions on a two-dimensional lattice. The approach is an extension of the entanglement renormalization technique [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 220405 (2007)] and the related multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz. Benchmark calculations for free and interacting fermions on lattices ranging from $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6$ to $162\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}162$ sites with periodic boundary conditions confirm the validity of this proposal.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.81.010303

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We propose an algorithm to simulate interacting fermions on a two-dimensional lattice. The approach is an extension of the entanglement renormalization technique [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 220405 (2007)] and the related multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz. Benchmark calculations for free and interacting fermions on lattices ranging from 6\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi66\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}66\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi6 to 162\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi162162\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}162162\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi162 sites with periodic boundary conditions confirm the validity of this proposal.
In a recent contribution [P. Corboz, G. Evenbly, F. Verstraete, and G. Vidal, arXiv:0904.4151 (unpublished)] entanglement renormalization was generalized to fermionic lattice systems in two spatial dimensions. Entanglement renormalization is a real-space coarse-graining transformation for lattice systems that produces a variational ansatz, the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA), for the ground states of local Hamiltonians. In this paper we describe in detail the fermionic version of the MERA formalism and algorithm. Starting from the bosonic MERA, which can be regarded both as a quantum circuit or in relation to a coarse-graining transformation, we indicate how the scheme needs to be modified to simulate fermions. To confirm the validity of the approach, we present benchmark results for free and interacting fermions on a square lattice with sizes between $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}6$ and $162\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}162$ and with periodic boundary conditions. The present formulation of the approach applies to generic tensor network algorithms.
We describe an algorithm to simulate time evolution using the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz and test it by studying a critical Ising chain with periodic boundary conditions and with up to $L\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{6}$ quantum spins. The cost of a simulation, which scales as L log2(L)L\text{ }{\text{log}}_{2}(L)L log2​(L), is reduced to log2(L){\text{log}}_{2}(L)log2​(L) when the system is invariant under translations. By simulating an evolution in imaginary time, we compute the ground state of the system. The errors in the ground-state energy display no evident dependence on the system size. The algorithm can be extended to lattice systems in higher spatial dimensions.
We demonstrate, in the context of quadratic fermion lattice models in one and two spatial dimensions, the potential of entanglement renormalization (ER) to define a proper real-space renormalization group transformation. Our results show the validity of the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz to describe certain ground states in two dimensions, including quantum critical states. They also unveil a connection between the performance of ER and the logarithmic violations of the boundary law for entanglement in systems with a one-dimensional Fermi surface. ER is recast in the language of creation/annihilation operators and correlation matrices.
We describe an iterative method to optimize the multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz for the low-energy subspace of local Hamiltonians on a DDD-dimensional lattice. For translation-invariant systems the cost of this optimization is logarithmic in the linear system size. Specialized algorithms for the treatment of infinite systems are also described. Benchmark simulation results are presented for a variety of one-dimensional systems, namely, Ising, Potts, XXXXXX, and Heisenberg models. The potential to compute expected values of local observables, energy gaps, and correlators is investigated.
Interacting systems of anyons pose a unique challenge to condensed-matter simulations due to their nontrivial exchange statistics. These systems are of great interest as they have the potential for robust universal quantum computation but numerical tools for studying them are as yet limited. We show how existing tensor network algorithms may be adapted for use with systems of anyons and demonstrate this process for the one-dimensional multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz (MERA). We apply the MERA to infinite chains of interacting Fibonacci anyons, computing their scaling dimensions and local scaling operators. The scaling dimensions obtained are seen to be in agreement with conformal field theory. The techniques developed are applicable to any tensor network algorithm, and the ability to adapt these ans\"atze for use on anyonic systems opens the door for numerical simulation of large systems of free and interacting anyons in one and two dimensions.
We explain how to implement, in the context of projected entangled-pair states (PEPSs), the general procedure of fermionization of a tensor network introduced in P. Corboz and G. Vidal, Phys. Rev. B 80, 165129 (2009). The resulting fermionic PEPS, similar to previous proposals, can be used to study the ground state of interacting fermions on a two-dimensional lattice. As in the bosonic case, the cost of simulations depends on the amount of entanglement in the ground state and not directly on the strength of interactions. The present formulation of fermionic PEPS leads to a straightforward numerical implementation that allowed us to recycle much of the code for bosonic PEPS. We demonstrate that fermionic PEPS are a useful variational ansatz for interacting fermion systems by computing approximations to the ground state of several models on an infinite lattice. For a model of interacting spinless fermions, ground state energies lower than Hartree-Fock results are obtained, shifting the boundary between the metal and charge-density wave phases. For the $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model, energies comparable with those of a specialized Gutzwiller-projected ansatz are also obtained.