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arXiv:0904.0606 · Journal of Physics Conference Series

CPT Violation and decoherence in quantum gravity

Nick E. Mavromatos

Published Jun 1, 2009• 28 citations
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Abstract

In this brief review I discuss ways and tests of CPT-Violation in the context of quantum gravity theories with space-time foam vacua, which entail quantum decoherence of matter propagating in such backgrounds. I cover a wide variety of sensitive probes, ranging from cosmic neutrinos to meson factories. I pay particular emphasis on associating the latter with specific, probably unique ('smoking-gun'), effects of this type of CPT Violation, related to a modification of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations in the entangled states of the relevant neutral mesons. I also present some semi-microscopic estimates of these latter effects, in the context of a specific string-inspired model of space-time foam ('D-particle foam').

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/171/1/012007

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In this brief review I discuss ways and tests of CPT-Violation in the context of quantum gravity theories with space-time foam vacua, which entail quantum decoherence of matter propagating in such backgrounds. I cover a wide variety of sensitive probes, ranging from cosmic neutrinos to meson factories. I pay particular emphasis on associating the latter with specific, probably unique ('smoking-gun'), effects of this type of CPT Violation, related to a modification of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations in the entangled states of the relevant neutral mesons. I also present some semi-microscopic estimates of these latter effects, in the context of a specific string-inspired model of space-time foam ('D-particle foam').
In this review we first discuss the string theoretical motivations for induced decoherence and deviations from ordinary quantum-mechanical behaviour; this leads to intrinsic CPT violation in the context of an extended class of quantum-gravity models. We then proceed to a description ofprecision tests of CPT symmetry and quantum mechanics using mainly neutral kaons and neutrinos. We also emphasize the possibly unique role of neutral meson factories in providing specific tests of models where the quantum-mechanical CPT operator is not well-defined, leading to modifications of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen particle correlators. Finally, we discuss experimental probes of decoherence in a cosmological context, including studies of dissipative relaxation models of dark energy in the context of non-critical (non-equilibrium) string theory and the associated modifications of the Boltzmann equation for the evolution of species abundances.
We discuss two classes of semimicroscopic theoretical models of stochastic spacetime foam in quantum gravity and the associated effects on entangled states of neutral mesons, signalling an intrinsic breakdown of CPTCPTCPT invariance. One class of models deals with a specific model of foam, initially constructed in the context of noncritical (Liouville) string theory, but viewed here in the more general context of effective quantum-gravity models. The relevant Hamiltonian perturbation, describing the interaction of the meson with the foam medium, consists of off-diagonal stochastic metric fluctuations, connecting distinct mass eigenstates (or the appropriate generalization thereof in the case of KKK-mesons), and it is proportional to the relevant momentum transfer (along the direction of motion of the meson pair). There are two kinds of CPTCPTCPT-violating effects in this case, which can be experimentally disentangled: one (termed ``$\ensuremath{\omega}$-effect'') is associated with the failure of the indistinguishability between the neutral meson and its antiparticle, and affects certain symmetry properties of the initial state of the two-meson system; the second effect is generated by the time evolution of the system in the medium of the spacetime foam, and can result in time-dependent contributions of the $\ensuremath{\omega}$-effect type in the time profile of the two-meson state. Estimates of both effects are given, which show that, at least in certain models, such effects are not far from the sensitivity of experimental facilities available currently or in the near future. The other class of quantum-gravity models involves a medium of gravitational fluctuations which behaves like a ``thermal bath''. In this model both of the above-mentioned intrinsic CPTCPTCPT violation effects are not valid.
In this talk I discuss the potential rôle of quantumgravity space-time foam on an induced intrinsic violation of CPT symmetry, resulting in (perturbatively weak) modifications of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations in entangled particle states of neutral mesons. For specific models of foam, inspired from String theory, the modifications may be falsifiable at the current upgrade of the DAΦNE detector in Frascati NL. Advantages of neutral Kaons over other neutral mesons (e.g. B-mesons) for the possible detection of the phenomenon, are outlined.
In this review we discuss the string theoretical motivations for induced decoherence and deviations from ordinary quantum-mechanical behaviour; this leads to intrinsic CPT violation in the context of an extended class of quantum-gravity models. We proceed to a description of precision tests of CPT symmetry and quantum mechanics using mainly neutral kaons and neutrinos. We emphasize the possibly unique rôle of neutral meson factories in providing tests of models where the quantum-mechanical CPT operator is not well-defined, leading to modifications of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen particle correlators. Finally, we discuss experimental probes of decoherence in cosmology, including studies of dissipative relaxation models of dark energy in non-critical (non-equilibrium) string theory and the associated modifications of the Boltzmann equation for the evolution of species abundances.
The signal of ill-defined CPT weakening entanglement in the Bd{B_d}Bd​ B d system
In the presence of quantum-gravity fluctuations (space-time foam), the CPT operator may be ill-defined. Its perturbative treatment leads to a modification of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen correlation of the neutral meson system by adding an entanglement-weakening term of the wrong exchange symmetry, the ω\omega ω -effect. In the current paper we identify how to probe the complex ω\omega ω in the entangled BdB_dBd​ -system using the flavour (f)–CP(g) eigenstate decay channels: the connection between the intensities for the two time-ordered decays (f, g) and (g, f) is lost. Appropriate observables are constructed allowing independent experimental determinations of Re( ω\omega ω ) and Im( ω\omega ω ), disentangled from CPT violation in the evolution Hamiltonian Re( θ\theta θ ) and Im( θ\theta θ ). 2σ2\sigma 2σ tensions for both Re( θ\theta θ ) and Im( ω\omega ω ) are shown to be uncorrelated.
We discuss the demise of flavour tagging due to the loss of the particle–antiparticle identity of neutral B -mesons in the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen correlated states. Such a situation occurs in cases where the CPT operator is ill-defined, as happens, for example, in quantum gravity models with induced decoherence in the matter sector. The time evolution of the perturbed B 0 – B ¯ 0 initial state, as produced in B -factories, is sufficient to generate new two-body states. For flavour specific decays at equal times, we discuss two definite tests of the two body entanglement: (i) search for the would-be forbidden B 0 B 0 and B ¯ 0 B ¯ 0 states; (ii) deviations from the indistinguishable probability between the permuted states B ¯ 0 B 0 and B 0 B ¯ 0 .