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arXiv:0902.1590

Schrodinger Equation As a General Optimization Algorithm

Xiaofei Huang

Published Feb 10, 2009• 0 citations
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Abstract

One of the greatest scientific achievements of physics in the 20th century is the discovery of quantum mechanics. The Schrodinger equation is the most fundamental equation in quantum mechanics describing the time-based evolution of the quantum state of a physical system. It has been found that the time-independent version of the equation can be derived from a general optimization algorithm. Instead of arguing for a new interpretation and possible deeper principle for quantum mechanics, this paper elaborates a few points of the equation as a general global optimization algorithm. Benchmarked against randomly generated hard optimization problems, this paper shows that the algorithm significantly outperformed a classic local optimization algorithm. The former found a solution in one second with a single trial better than the best one found by the latter around one hour after one hundred thousand trials.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0902.1590

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One of the greatest scientific achievements of physics in the 20th century is the discovery of quantum mechanics. The Schrodinger equation is the most fundamental equation in quantum mechanics describing the time-based evolution of the quantum state of a physical system. It has been found that the time-independent version of the equation can be derived from a general optimization algorithm. Instead of arguing for a new interpretation and possible deeper principle for quantum mechanics, this paper elaborates a few points of the equation as a general global optimization algorithm. Benchmarked against randomly generated hard optimization problems, this paper shows that the algorithm significantly outperformed a classic local optimization algorithm. The former found a solution in one second with a single trial better than the best one found by the latter around one hour after one hundred thousand trials.
The belief propagation algorithm has been recognized in the information theory community as a soft-decision iterative decoding algorithm. It is the most powerful algorithm found so far for attacking hard optimization problems in channel decoding. Quantum mechanics is the foundation of modern physics with the time-independent Schrodinger equation being one of the most important equations. This paper shows that the equation can be derived from a generalized belief propagation algorithm. Such a connection on a mathematical basis might shed new insights into the foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum computing.
Statistical and stochastic analysis based on thermodynamics has been the main analysis framework for stochastic global optimization. Recently, with the appearance of quantum annealing or quantum tunneling algorithms for global optimization, we require a new research framework for global optimization algorithms. In this paper, we provide the analysis for quantization-based optimization based on the Schrödinger equation to reveal what property in quantum mechanics enables global optimization. We present that the tunneling effect derived by the Schrödinger equation in quantization-based optimization enables to escape of a local minimum. Additionally, we confirm that this tunneling effect is the same property included in quantum mechanics-based global optimization. Experiments with standard multi-modal benchmark functions represent that the proposed analysis is valid.
This paper presents a global optimization approach to quantum mechanics, which describes the most fundamental dynamics of the universe. It suggests that the wave-like behavior of (sub)atomic particles could be the critical characteristic of a global optimization method deployed by nature so that (sub)atomic systems can find their ground states corresponding to the global minimum of some energy function associated with the system. The classic time-independent Schrodinger equation is shown to be derivable from the global optimization method to support this argument.
The century-long conflict between quantum mechanics and general relativity is essentially a dispute over the definition of the fundamental measurement benchmark of the universe. Quantum mechanics treats time as an absolute external background, while general relativity regards mass as the measurement benchmark of curved spacetime. The two theories cannot be self-consistently unified under extreme conditions. Based on the core axiomatic system of Time Field Theory (TFT), this paper proposes a first-principles self-consistent interpretation of quantum mechanics: the wave function is neither the physical reality of a particle nor an encoding of our knowledge, but the probability amplitude for the time field to condense mass at a spatial point and thereby establish a measurement benchmark; the Schrödinger equation is the evolution law of the measurability probability amplitude of the time field in the uniform γ=1 background; wave function collapse corresponds to a physical phase transition of the time field from a uniform state to a locally condensed state, and the observer is essentially a massive entity with intrinsic time flow. This interpretation requires no assumptions of external observers, many worlds, or hidden variables, naturally unifies the quantum and classical worlds, and is fully compatible with all known experimental results in the weak-field low-speed limit, providing a completely new metrological foundation for the problem of quantum gravity.
Classical mechanics contains a well-known dichotomy, namely that of work: Integral Fdx = change in KE and impulse, Integral Fdt = change in p (momentum). The former view is concerned with time and velocity, while the latter is not as p=m1v1=m2v2, i.e. the same impulse may occur for two different velocities. When solving classical mechanical problems, however, the time view (conservation of energy equation, Newton’s second law) is utilized and the impulse picture, usually ignored. We suggest that in quantum mechanics, one must retain both dichotomies as they are linked to each other as they are in classical physics. In fact, we argue that in quantum mechanics interactions are based on the impulse picture, which in some problems, such as one dimensional photon reflection-refraction, make it the only scenario which solves the problem. (Actually the impulse scenario makes use of flux values and so is intertwined with the time picture.) In the literature (1) etc, the continuity equation: d/dt partial density = d/dx { velocity(x) density(x,t) } seems to be a common starting point for deriving the Schrodinger equation. We argue that this approach only considers the time-work-kinetic energy scenario a priori and ignores, a priori, the impulse approach to interactions. The impulse picture is a physical description of interactions and so both scenarios should be introduced together a priori. What is usually done is to consider only the time picture and then hypothesize on mathematical grounds that: density(x,t) = W*(x,t)W(x,t) instead of considering the wavefunction form as the representation of the impulse picture which governs interactions. In fact, the time-independent Schrodinger equation is a combination of both scenarios. The work-kinetic energy picture must appear because V(x) is used, but actual interactions occur via impulses and their unusual associated exp(ipx) probability.