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arXiv:0902.1317 · Physical Review A

Stationary wave patterns generated by an impurity moving with supersonic velocity through a Bose-Einstein condensate

Tzyy‐Leng Horng, Shih-Chuan Gou, Tai‐Chia Lin, Gennady A. El, A. P. Itin, A. M. Kamchatnov

Published May 13, 2009• 18 citations
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Abstract

Formation of stationary three-dimensional (3D) wave patterns generated by a small pointlike impurity moving through a Bose-Einstein condensate with supersonic velocity is studied. Asymptotic formulae for a stationary far-field density distribution are obtained. Comparison with the three-dimensional numerical simulations demonstrates that these formulae are accurate enough already at the distances from the obstacle equal to a few wavelengths.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.79.053619

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Formation of stationary three-dimensional (3D) wave patterns generated by a small pointlike impurity moving through a Bose-Einstein condensate with supersonic velocity is studied. Asymptotic formulae for a stationary far-field density distribution are obtained. Comparison with the three-dimensional numerical simulations demonstrates that these formulae are accurate enough already at the distances from the obstacle equal to a few wavelengths.
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Generation of wave structures by a two-dimensional (2D) object (laser beam) moving in a 2D two-component Bose-Einstein condensate with a velocity greater than the two sound velocities of the mixture is studied by means of analytical methods and systematic simulations of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations. The wave pattern features three regions separated by two Mach cones. Two branches of linear patterns similar to the so-called ``ship waves'' are located outside the corresponding Mach cones, and oblique dark solitons are found inside the wider cone. An analytical theory is developed for the linear patterns. A particular dark-soliton solution is also obtained, its stability is investigated, and two unstable modes of transverse perturbations are identified. It is shown that for a sufficiently large flow velocity, this instability has a convective character in the reference frame attached to the moving body, which makes the dark soliton effectively stable. The analytical findings are corroborated by numerical simulations.
We study the motion of a pointlike impurity in a Bose-Einstein condensate at T=0T=0T=0. By solving the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation in a perturbative manner we calculate the induced mass of the impurity and the drag force on the impurity in three-, two-, and one-dimensional (1D) cases. The relationship between the induced mass and the normal mass of fluid is found, and coincides with the result of the Bogoliubov theory. The drag force appears for the supersonic motion of the impurity. In 1D the drag force is investigated also on the basis of the exact Lieb-Liniger theory, using the dynamic form factor, which has been evaluated by the Haldane method of the calculation of correlation functions. In this theory the force appears for an arbitrarily small velocity of the impurity. The possibility of measuring the form factor in existing experiments is noted.