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arXiv:0901.4731

Quantum interrogation logic gates

Juan Carlos García-Escartín, Pedro Chamorro‐Posada

Published Jan 29, 2009• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum interrogation can be used as a basic resource for quantum information. This paper presents its applications to entanglement creation and to optical quantum computation. The starting point will be a photon to particle quantum interrogation CZ gate, from which three families of optical CNOT gates will be derived. These gates are nondestructive and can work with probabilities arbitrarily close to 1. A possible experimental implementation with atomic ensembles is also discussed.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0901.4731

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Quantum interrogation can be used as a basic resource for quantum information. This paper presents its applications to entanglement creation and to optical quantum computation. The starting point will be a photon to particle quantum interrogation CZ gate, from which three families of optical CNOT gates will be derived. These gates are nondestructive and can work with probabilities arbitrarily close to 1. A possible experimental implementation with atomic ensembles is also discussed.
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In order for quantum communications systems to become widely used, it will probably be necessary to develop quantum repeaters that can extend the range of quantum key distribution systems and correct for errors in the transmission of quantum information. Quantum logic gates based on linear optical techniques appear to be a promising approach for the development of quantum repeaters, and they may have applications in quantum computing as well. Here we describe the basic principles of logic gates based on linear optics, along with the results from several experimental demonstrations of devices of this kind. A prototype source of single photons and a quantum memory device for photons are also discussed. These devices can be combined with a four-qubit encoding to implement a quantum repeater. 2 I.
Optical quantum computation was limited to a few photon applications such as quantum cryptography and partial teleportation until 2001. Then the possibility of performing arbitrary logic conditional on certain detection outcomes was introduced by Knill, Laflamme and Milburn ( Nature 2001 409 46). Simple circuits consisting of single photon sources, entangled pair sources, linear optical elements and high efficiency photon counting detectors can be used to develop probabilistic two-photon logic gates. Initially such gates show a low probability of success but can approach the success rate of deterministic (non-linear) logic at the cost of added complexity. These developments have led to the emergence of a novel field of research aimed at improving the efficiency of linear logic and developing the efficient sources and detectors for its implementation. This topical issue of Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics is devoted to recent advances in this field. Key to all linear optics gates is the interference effect between separate photons that have no previous history. In this issue we include the first experiment to show such an effect (Rarity et al ), on which many later experiments are based. These interference effects can then be used to entangle separate pairs of particles into higher order entangled states (Zou et al 2005 J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 7 119–121) and also to establish entanglement between matter qubits (Kok et al ). Quantum dot single photon sources suitable for linear optics quantum logic are discussed in the paper by Unitt et al while a waveguide source of pair photons is presented by Ducci et al . The difficulties in scaling linear optics quantum computing arise from the low success probabilities of the gates. Introducing a small amount of non-linearity could allow unit efficiency gates to be designed (Munro et al ) while large non-linearities generated by the collective effects in EIT could be used to implement a wide variety of quantum logic functions (Petrosyan). The development of algorithms suitable for optical implementation is addressed by Ellinas et al . Key contributors to this issue are collaborating in the project IST:38864 RAMBOQ which has a primary goal of developing linear optics computation tools and techniques.
We present some applications of high-efficiency quantum interrogation (``interaction-free measurement'') for the creation of entangled states of separate atoms and of separate photons. The quantum interrogation of a quantum object in a superposition of object-in and object-out leaves the object and probe in an entangled state. The probe can then be further entangled with other objects in subsequent quantum interrogations. By then projecting out those cases in which the probe is left in a particular final state, the quantum objects can themselves be left in various entangled states. In this way, we show how to generate two-, three-, and higher-qubit entanglement between atoms and between photons. The effect of finite efficiency for the quantum interrogation is delineated for the various schemes.
Universal logic gates for two quantum bits (qubits) form an essential ingredient of quantum information processing. However, photons, one of the best candidates for qubits, suffer from a lack of strong nonlinear coupling, which is required for quantum logic operations. Here we show how this drawback can be overcome by reporting a proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of a nondestructive controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate for two independent photons using only linear optical elements in conjunction with single-photon sources and conditional dynamics. Moreover, we exploit the CNOT gate to discriminate all four Bell states in a teleportation experiment.