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arXiv:0901.2807 · Physical Review Letters

Occupation Statistics of a Bose-Einstein Condensate for a Driven Landau-Zener Crossing

Katrina Smith-Mannschott, Maya Chuchem, Moritz Hiller, Tsampikos Kottos, Doron Cohen

Published Jun 8, 2009• 32 citations
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Abstract

We consider an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate loaded in a biased double-well trap with tunneling rate K and interatomic interaction U. The Bose-Einstein condensate is prepared such that all N atoms are in the left well. We drive the system by sweeping the potential difference E between the two wells. Depending on the interaction u=NU/K and the sweep rate E, we distinguish three dynamical regimes: adiabatic, diabatic, and sudden and consider the occupation statistics of the final state. The analysis goes beyond mean-field theory and is complemented by a semiclassical picture.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.102.230401

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We consider an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate loaded in a biased double-well trap with tunneling rate K and interatomic interaction U. The Bose-Einstein condensate is prepared such that all N atoms are in the left well. We drive the system by sweeping the potential difference E between the two wells. Depending on the interaction u=NU/K and the sweep rate E, we distinguish three dynamical regimes: adiabatic, diabatic, and sudden and consider the occupation statistics of the final state. The analysis goes beyond mean-field theory and is complemented by a semiclassical picture.
A complete adiabatic transport of Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) in a double-well trap is investigated within the mean field approximation. The transfer is driven by the time-dependent (Gaussian) coupling between the wells and their relative detuning. The protocol successfully works in a wide range of both repulsive and attractive BEC interaction. The nonlinear effects caused by the interaction can be turned from detrimental into favourable for the transport. The results are compared with familiar Landau–Zener scenarios using the constant coupling. It is shown that the pulsed Gaussian coupling provides a new transport regime where coupling edges are decisive and convenient switch of the transport is possible.
We investigate the dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate in a triple-well trap in a three-level approximation. The interatomic interactions are taken into account in a mean-field approximation (Gross-Pitaevskii equation), leading to a nonlinear three-level model. Additional eigenstates emerge due to the nonlinearity, depending on the system parameters. Adiabaticity breaks down if such a nonlinear eigenstate disappears when the parameters are varied. The dynamical implications of this loss of adiabaticity are analyzed for two important special cases: A three-level Landau-Zener model and the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) scheme. We discuss the emergence of looped levels for an equal-slope Landau-Zener model. The Zener tunneling probability does not tend to zero in the adiabatic limit and shows pronounced oscillations as a function of the velocity of the parameter variation. Furthermore we generalize the STIRAP scheme for adiabatic coherent population transfer between atomic states to the nonlinear case. It is shown that STIRAP breaks down if the nonlinearity exceeds the detuning.
We present a detailed analysis of the Landau–Zener problem for an interacting Bose–Einstein condensate in a time-varying double-well trap, especially focusing on the relation between the full many-particle problem and the mean-field approximation. Due to the nonlinear self-interaction a dynamical instability occurs, which leads to a breakdown of adiabaticity and thus fundamentally alters the dynamics. It is shown that essentially all the features of the Landau–Zener problem including the depletion of the condensate mode can be already understood within a semiclassical phase-space picture. In particular, this treatment resolves the formerly imputed incommutability of the adiabatic and semiclassical limits. The possibility of exploiting Landau–Zener sweeps to generate squeezed states for spectroscopic tasks is analyzed in detail. Moreover, we study the influence of phase noise and propose a Landau–Zener sweep as a sensitive yet readily implementable probe for decoherence, since the noise has significant effect on the transition rate for slow parameter variations.
A complete adiabatic transport of Bose-Einstein condensate in a double-well trap is investigated within the Landau-Zener (LZ), and Gaussian Landau-Zener (GLZ) schemes for the case of a small non-linearity, when the atomic interaction is weaker than the coupling. The schemes use the constant (LZ) and time-dependent Gaussian (GLZ) couplings. The mean field calculations show that LZ and GLZ suggest essentially different transport dynamics. Significant deviations from the case of a strong coupling are discussed.
We show that the adiabatic dynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a double-well potential can be described in terms of a dark variable resulting from the combination of the population imbalance and the spatial atomic coherence between the two wells. By means of this dark variable, we extend, to the nonlinear matter-wave case, the recent proposal by Vitanov and Shore [Phys. Rev. A 73, 053402 (2006)] on adiabatic passage techniques to coherently control the population of two internal levels of an atom or molecule. We investigate the conditions to adiabatically split or transport a BEC as well as to prepare an adiabatic self-trapping state by the optimal delayed temporal variation of the tunneling rate via either the energy bias between the two wells or the BEC nonlinearity. The emergence of nonlinear eigenstates and unstable stationary solutions of the system as well as their role in the breaking down of the adiabatic dynamics is investigated in detail.
We study nonlinear dynamics of Rydberg-dressed Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) trapped in a triple-well potential in the semiclassical limit. The Rydberg-dressed BECs experience a long-range soft-core interaction, giving rise to strong nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions in the triple-well system. Using mean-field Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equations, we show that lower branches of the eigenspectra exhibit loops and level crossings when the soft-core interaction is strong. The direct level crossings eliminate the possibility of adiabatic Landau-Zener transitions when tilting of the triple-well potential. We demonstrate that the long-range interaction allows for self-trapping in one, two, or three wells, in a far more controllable manor than BECs with short-range or dipolar interactions. Exact quantum simulations of the three-well Bose-Hubbard model indicate that self-trapping and nonadiabatic transition can be observed with less than a dozen bosons. Our study is relevant to current research into collective excitation and nonlinear dynamics of Rydberg-dressed atoms.