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arXiv:0901.2295 · Physical Review A

Photonic spectrum of bichromatic optical lattices

Stefan Rist, Patrizia Vignolo, Giovanna Morigi

Published May 13, 2009• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the photonic spectrum of a one-dimensional optical lattice possessing a double primitive cell, when the atoms are well localized at the lattice minima. While a one-dimensional lattice with a simple Wigner-Seitz cell always possesses a photonic band gap at the atomic resonance, in this configuration the photonic transmission spectrum may exhibit no, double, or multiple photonic band gaps depending on the ratio between the interparticle distance $\ensuremath{\varrho}$ inside the cell and the cell size $a$. The transmission spectra of a weak incident probe are evaluated when the atoms are trapped in free space and inside an optical resonator for realistic experimental parameters.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.79.053822

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We study photonic band gaps in a one-dimensional optical lattice of laser-cooled trapped atoms. We solve for the self-consistent equilibrium positions of the atoms, accounting for the backaction of the atoms on the trapping beams. This solution depends strongly on the sign of the trapping laser detuning. For red-detuned trapping lasers, the resulting lattice exhibits a one-dimensional photonic band gap for frequencies between the trapping laser frequency and the atomic resonance. For blue detuning the stop band extends symmetrically about resonance, typically for hundreds of atomic linewidths, except for the small region between atomic resonance and the lattice frequency, which is excluded. We calculate the reflection spectrum for a lattice of Cs atoms for various trapping laser detunings and interpret its behavior as a function of the lattice size and density. For a mean density of 1011{10}^{11}1011 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$, and 1000 planes, 55% reflection of a weak probe beam should be observed. We also consider Bragg scattering in a three-dimensional optical lattice as a means of probing the long-range order in the atomic density correlation function.
Summary form only given. Recent research is rapidly moving toward all-optical confinement of Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in optical traps. The optical trap provides an effective tool to manipulate the dynamics of BEC for practical purposes. In particular it opens the possibilities to study BEC in an optical lattice. In this work, we focus on studying the properties of propagation of a weak probe light through a BEC confined in an optical lattice. The key point in the topic is that the ground state of the lattice BEC acts as a periodic dielectric medium for the probe light propagating through it. We show that photonic, or rather polaritonic band gaps are created for probe light due to the spatial periodicity of the ground state of the lattice BEC. However being different from the ordinary periodic dielectric, the lattice BEC can experience elementary excitations which lead to a perturbative distortion of the periodicity of the lattice BEC. Such non-periodic perturbations are similar to lattice defects in solid state physics. Here they will produce defect states inside the photonic band gaps. By analyzing the elementary excitations of the lattice BEC, we study the frequency spectrum of photonic band gaps and defect states induced by such excitations in the lattice BEC. These photonic defect states may technically have the potential to be employed to acquire knowledge about the quantum degeneracy in an optical lattice.
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We study the resonance Raman scattering of light from a three-level atom embedded in a photonic band-gap material or in a frequency dispersive medium whose photon spectrum exhibits a gap due to photon coupling to medium excitations such as excitons and optical phonons. We demonstrate that the one-particle spectrum of the system consists of either a continuous part with energy lying outside the gap or a single discrete mode with energy lying inside the gap. The discrete mode, which occurs when both of the allowed atomic transitions of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ configuration lie inside the gap, can be treated as a photon-atom bound state in which the radiation is localized in the vicinity of the atom. In the case of the continuous spectrum, the Rayleigh and Stokes lines are shifted as well as narrowed (or broadened) as the corresponding transition frequencies are shifted relative to the upper band edge, providing a distinctive experimental signature of atom-photon interactions near a photonic band edge.
We present a quantum model of two-level atoms localized in a three-dimensional lattice based on the Hopfield polariton theory. In addition to a polaritonic gap at the excitation energy, a photonic band gap opens up at the Brillouin zone boundary. Upon tuning the lattice period or angle of incidence to match the photonic gap with the excitation energy, one obtains a combined polaritonic and photonic gap as a generalization of Rabi splitting. For typical experimental parameters, the size of the combined gap is on the order of $25\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, up to 105{10}^{5}105 times the detuned gap size. The dispersion curve contains a branch supporting slow-light modes with vanishing probability density of atomic excitations.
An optical lattice loaded with cold atoms can exhibit a tunable photonic band gap for a weak probe field under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency. This system possesses a number of advantageous properties, including reduced relaxation of Raman coherence and the associated probe absorption, and simultaneous enhancement of the index modulation and the resulting reflectivity of the medium. This flexible system has the potential to serve as a test bed for various designs of linear and nonlinear photonic band gap materials at very low light level and can be employed to realize deterministic entanglement between weak quantum fields.